Faculty Bibliography

Deciphering how neuronal diversity is established and maintained requires a detailed knowledge of neuronal gene expression throughout development. In contrast to mammalian brains^1,2, the large neuronal diversity of the Drosophila optic lobe³ and its connectome^4-6 are almost completely characterized. However, a molecular characterization of this neuronal diversity, particularly during development, has been lacking. Here we present insights into brain development through a nearly complete description of the transcriptomic diversity of the optic lobes of Drosophila. We acquired the transcriptome of 275,000 single cells at adult and at five pupal stages, and built a machine-learning framework to assign them to almost 200 cell types at all time points during development. We discovered two large neuronal populations that wrap neuropils during development but die just before adulthood, as well as neuronal subtypes that partition dorsal and ventral visual circuits by differential Wnt signalling throughout development. Moreover, we show that the transcriptomes of neurons that are of the same type but are produced days apart become synchronized shortly after their production. During synaptogenesis we also resolved neuronal subtypes that, although differing greatly in morphology and connectivity, converge to indistinguishable transcriptomic profiles in adults. Our datasets almost completely account for the known neuronal diversity of the Drosophila optic lobes, and serve as a paradigm to understand brain development across species.

OBJECTIVE:We conducted a meta-analysis of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) studies in children/adolescents and adults with ADHD to assess spatial convergence of findings from available studies. METHOD/METHODS:, 2019, with no language/type-of-document restrictions. Study authors were systematically contacted for additional unpublished information/data. R-fMRI studies using seed-based connectivity (SBC) or any other method (non-SBC) reporting whole-brain results of group comparisons between individuals with ADHD and typically developing controls were eligible. Voxel-wise meta-analysis via activation likelihood estimation with cluster-level Family Wise Error (FWE) (voxel-level: p < 0.001; cluster-level: p < 0.05) was used. The full dataset used for analyses will be freely available online in an open source platform (http://anima.fz-juelich.de/). RESULTS:30 studies (18 SBC and 12 non-SBC), including a total of 1978 participants (1094 ADHD; 884 controls) were retained. The meta-analysis focused on SBC studies found no significant spatial convergence of ADHD-related hyper- or hypo-connectivity across studies. This non-significant finding remained after integrating 12 non-SBC studies into the main-analysis and in sensitivity analyses limited to studies including only children or only non-medication naïve patients. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The lack of significant spatial convergence may be accounted for by heterogeneity in study participants, experimental procedures and analytic flexibility, as well as in ADHD pathophysiology. Alongside other neuroimaging meta-analyses in other psychiatric conditions, our results should inform the conduct and publication of future neuroimaging studies of psychiatric disorders.

Ultrasound can be delivered transcranially to ablate brain tissue, open the blood-brain barrier, or affect neural activity. Transcranial focused ultrasound in small rodents is typically done with low-frequency single-element transducers, which results in unspecific targeting and impedes the concurrent use of fast neuroimaging methods. In this article, we devised a wide-angle spherical array bidirectional interface for high-resolution parallelized optoacoustic imaging and transcranial ultrasound (POTUS) delivery in the same target regions. The system operates between 3 and 9 MHz, allowing to generate and steer focal spots with widths down to [Formula: see text] across a field of view covering the entire mouse brain, while the same array is used to capture high-resolution 3-D optoacoustic data in real time. We showcase the system's versatile beam-forming capacities as well as volumetric optoacoustic imaging capabilities and discuss its potential to noninvasively monitor brain activity and various effects of ultrasound emission.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To develop and evaluate a neural network-based method for Gibbs artifact and noise removal. METHODS:A convolutional neural network (CNN) was designed for artifact removal in diffusion-weighted imaging data. Two implementations were considered: one for magnitude images and one for complex images. Both models were based on the same encoder-decoder structure and were trained by simulating MRI acquisitions on synthetic non-MRI images. RESULTS:Both machine learning methods were able to mitigate artifacts in diffusion-weighted images and diffusion parameter maps. The CNN for complex images was also able to reduce artifacts in partial Fourier acquisitions. CONCLUSIONS:The proposed CNNs extend the ability of artifact correction in diffusion MRI. The machine learning method described here can be applied on each imaging slice independently, allowing it to be used flexibly in clinical applications.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Previous hippocampal proton MR spectroscopic imaging distinguished patients with schizophrenia from controls by elevated Cr levels and significantly more variable NAA and Cho concentrations. This goal of this study was to ascertain whether this metabolic variability is associated with clinical features of the syndrome, possibly reflecting heterogeneous hippocampal pathologies and perhaps variability in its "positive" (psychotic) and "negative" (social and emotional deficits) symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS:, we examined the association of NAA and Cho levels with research diagnostic interviews and clinical symptom ratings of the patients. Metabolite concentrations were previously obtained with 3D proton MR spectroscopic imaging at 3T, a technique that facilitates complete coverage of this small, irregularly shaped, bilateral, temporal lobe structure. RESULTS: ≥  .055). CONCLUSIONS:These preliminary findings suggest that NAA and Cho variations reflect different pathophysiologic processes, consistent with microgliosis/astrogliosis and/or lower vitality (reduced NAA) and demyelination (elevated Cho). In particular, the active state-related symptoms, including psychosis and mania, were associated with demyelination. Consequently, their deviations from the means of healthy controls may be a marker that may benefit precision medicine in selection and monitoring of schizophrenia treatment.

BACKGROUND:Approximately 50% of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) initially were seen with advanced disease. We aimed to evaluate the association of epidemiologic factors with advanced HNC at diagnosis. METHODS:The OraRad multicenter prospective cohort study enrolled HNC patients receiving curative-intent radiation therapy. Factors assessed for association with advanced HNC presentation at diagnosis included demographics, social and medical history, cancer characteristics, human papilloma virus (HPV) status, and dental disease measures. RESULTS:We enrolled 572 participants; 77% male and mean (SD) age of 61.7 (11.2) years. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (88% HPV-related) were seen with smaller tumors, but more frequent nodal involvement. Private medical insurance and no Medicaid were associated with smaller tumors. A higher dental disease burden was associated with larger tumors. CONCLUSIONS:Insurance status, cancer type/location, and dental disease are associated with advanced HNC and may represent potentially modifiable factors or factors to be considered in the screening process of new lesions.