Faculty Bibliography

INTRODUCTION/UNASSIGNED:Over recent decades, research has identified both overlapping and distinct characteristics, risk factors, and genetic as well as neurobiological correlates associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This expanding body of evidence is increasingly informing the clinical management of individuals with comorbid ADHD and ASD. AREAS COVERED/UNASSIGNED:Based on a targeted PubMed search conducted up to March 24,2025,24.03.25, prioritizing meta-analyses or umbrella reviews over primary studies (whenever relevant), with terms encompassing autism, assessment, and treatment, this review addresses: 1) Shared and distinct phenotypic characteristics, neuropsychological features, and genetic and neuroimaging correlates of ADHD and ASD; 2) The assessment of individuals presenting with both ASD and ADHD symptoms; 3) Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for the management for individuals with comorbid ASD and ADHD. EXPERT OPINION/UNASSIGNED:The comorbidity of ADHD and ASD should not be overlooked. Nevertheless, before diagnosing comorbid ASD and ADHD, clinicians should perform a thorough differential diagnosis, ensuring that ADHD symptoms are not better explained by ASD. Regarding treatment, further research is warranted to develop personalized approaches, support long-term management strategies, and evaluate real-world outcomes such as quality of life, which are often underrepresented in clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE/UNASSIGNED:To examine pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy treatment recommendations among different races and socioeconomic groups of young children. A secondary objective evaluated whether changes in the 2007 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) guidelines for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment affected community prescribing practices. Hypotheses were that non-White children would be less likely to have psychotherapeutic treatments recommended for mental health issues and children with lower socioeconomic status index scores would be less likely to receive a psychotropic medication prescription. METHOD/UNASSIGNED:test and logistic regression models. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:= .03). CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:Children's socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and insurance did not affect treatment recommendations of clinicians. However, children whose first prescription of psychotropic medication was from a primary care physician or pediatrician were less likely to have a recommendation for psychotherapy compared with children who were seen by psychiatrists. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT/UNASSIGNED:One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Females with disabilities have greater preconception health risks and adverse perinatal outcomes than those without disabilities. Characterization of reproductive health care utilization among females with disabilities in the United States is limited. We examined health care receipt before, during, and after pregnancy by extent of disability among U.S. females with recent live births. METHODS:This cross-sectional study used Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data (collected 2018-2020 and analyzed in 2025) from 24 states that included the Washington Group Short Set of Questions on Disability. Participants self-reported health care visits in the year prior to pregnancy; receipt and timing of prenatal care; and receipt of a postpartum checkup. Disability was assessed as extent of difficulty (none, some, and a lot of difficulty). Associations between extent of disability and health care utilization were estimated using multivariable modified Poisson regression (adjusted prevalence ratios, aPR, and 95% confidence intervals, CI). RESULTS:trimester initiation of prenatal care, but they had a 171% (aPR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.49-4.94) and 63% (aPR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.40-1.91) higher prevalence of not having any prenatal care and not having a postpartum checkup, respectively, than females with no difficulty. CONCLUSIONS:Females with some and a lot of difficulty reported lower receipt of reproductive, prenatal, and postpartum care than those with no difficulty. Strategies are needed to establish and coordinate comprehensive reproductive health care among females with disabilities.

Recent medical advances are allowing more youth with neuromuscular disorders to live into adulthood, thus increasing the necessity to transition youth from pediatric to adult medical care. Examining salient factors and processes for successful transition planning from pediatric to adult medical care in youth with neuromuscular disorders is a nascent field of study. The current study aims to address the key quality improvement question of identifying factors to consider when planning for transition by exploring the views of youth with neuromuscular disorders, caregivers, and providers within a multidisciplinary clinic regarding current care transition practices via quantitative and qualitative approaches. Both qualitative and quantitative results highlighted patient-endorsed importance of transition and emphasized the need for future tailored supports to facilitate gleaning skills for transition. Overall, this study offers valuable insights from patients, parents, and providers about challenges and best practices involved in transition planning for young adults with neuromuscular disorders.

This dataset, Collab-CXR, provides a unique resource to study human-AI collaboration in chest X-ray interpretation. We present experimentally generated data from 227 professional radiologists who assessed 324 historical cases under varying information conditions: with and without AI assistance, and with and without clinical history. Using a custom-designed interface, we collected probabilistic assessments for 104 thoracic pathologies using a comprehensive hierarchical reporting structure. This dataset is the largest known comparison of human-AI collaborative performance to either AI or humans alone in radiology, offering assessments across an extensive range of pathologies with rich metadata on radiologist characteristics and decision-making processes. Multiple experimental designs enable both within-subject and between-subject analyses. Researchers can leverage this dataset to investigate how radiologists incorporate AI assistance, factors influencing collaborative effectiveness, and impacts on diagnostic accuracy, speed, and confidence across different cases and pathologies. By enabling rigorous study of human-AI integration in clinical workflows, this dataset can inform AI tool development, implementation strategies, and ultimately improve patient care through optimized collaboration in medical imaging.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the receipt of screening, services, and counseling during prepregnancy reproductive health, prenatal care, and postpartum care visits by disability status among people with recent live births in the United States. METHODS:Cross-sectional data were from 24 states in PRAMS (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System) that included the WGSS (Washington Group Short Set of Questions) on Disability (October 2018-December 2020). Participants reported receipt of screening, services, and counseling during prepregnancy reproductive health care visits, prenatal care visits, and a postpartum checkup at 4-6 weeks postdelivery. Associations between the extent of disability (some and a lot of difficulty vs none) and components of health care visits were estimated using modified Poisson regression, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (adjusted prevalence ratios [aPRs] and 95% CIs). RESULTS:A total of 41,027 participants were included in analyses; 33.7% (n=14,047) reported having some difficulty and 6.2% (n=2,714) reported having a lot of difficulty. Differences were observed for screening, services, and counseling received at health care visits by disability status. During prepregnancy reproductive health care visits, people with any difficulty reported similar receipt of care as those with no difficulty, with the exception of a lower prevalence of discussions about improving their health (aPR 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98) and sexually transmitted infections (aPR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95). During prenatal and postpartum visits, people with any difficulty had a lower prevalence of discussions about lifestyle behaviors, pregnancy weight gain and weight loss, interpersonal violence, mental health, breastfeeding, and birth control, as well as being tested for diabetes (aPR ranged from 0.72-0.99). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Perinatal health care visits provide opportunities to improve health and assist in the transition to parenthood. Our findings highlight the need for strategies to reduce barriers to care for people with disabilities and facilitate effective communication during visits.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To assess the effects of and related evidence certainty of interventions for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across an individual's lifespan, and to develop a continuously updated web platform for people with lived experience of ADHD as a method to disseminate living evidence synthesis for shared decision making. DESIGN/METHODS:Umbrella review and platform for shared decision making. DATA SOURCES/METHODS:Six databases from inception to 19 January 2025. Study authors were contacted for additional information when necessary. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES/METHODS:Systematic reviews that used meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials were eligible if they compared a drug or non-drug intervention with a passive control in individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD. Primary outcomes were severity of ADHD symptoms, analysed by rater type (clinician-rated, parent-rated, teacher-rated, or self-rated) and time point (short term (12 weeks, or study endpoint), medium term (26 weeks), and long term (52 weeks)),acceptability (participants dropping out for any reason), and tolerability (participants dropping out owing to any side effects). Secondary outcomes included daily functioning, quality of life, comorbid symptoms, and key side effects (decreased sleep and appetite). DATA SYNTHESIS/RESULTS:Eligible meta-analyses were re-estimated with a standardised statistical approach. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2. Evidence certainty was evaluated using an algorithmic version of the GRADE framework, adapted for drug and non-drug interventions. RESULTS:115 of 414 full text articles were deemed eligible and 299 were excluded; the eligible articles comprised 221 unique combinations of participants, interventions, comparators, and outcomes. For each combination, the most recent and methodologically robust meta-analysis was selected for re-estimation, which gave 221 re-estimated meta-analyses in total, derived from 47 meta-analytic reports. In the short term, alpha-2 agonists, amphetamines, atomoxetine, methylphenidate, and viloxazine showed medium to large effect sizes in reducing the severity of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents, with moderate to high certainty evidence. Methylphenidate showed consistent benefits across raters (standardised mean difference >0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56 to 1.03; moderate or high certainty evidence). These interventions showed lower tolerability than the placebo, but this effect was not significant for methylphenidate and atomoxetine. In adults, atomoxetine, cognitive behavioural therapy, methylphenidate (and, when restricting analyses to high quality trials, amphetamines) showed at least moderate certainty evidence of efficacy on ADHD symptoms, with medium effect sizes. Methylphenidate, amphetamines, and atomoxetine had worse tolerability than placebo (methylphenidate, risk ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69; amphetamines, 0.40, 0.22 to 0.72; atomoxetine, 0.45, 0.35 to 0.58). Some non-drug interventions (acupuncture and cognitive behavioural therapy in children and adolescents, and mindfulness in adults) showed large effect sizes for ADHD symptoms, but with low certainty evidence. No high certainty, long term evidence was found for any intervention. An online platform showing effects and evidence certainty of each intervention across age groups, time points, and outcomes (https://ebiadhd-database.org/) was developed. CONCLUSIONS:This review provides updated evidence to inform patients, practitioners, and guideline developers how best to manage ADHD symptoms. The online platform should facilitate the implementation of shared decision making in daily practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:Open Science Framework https://osf.io/ugqy6/.

Suicide remains a leading cause of death among US youth. The emergency department (ED) is a critical access point for identifying suicide risk and initiating interventions to reduce that risk. Key strategies include developing individualized safety plans and counseling on reducing access to lethal means. This article reviews the current evidence supporting ED safety planning for youth at risk of suicide and presents a practical framework for its delivery. It also explores strategies to enhance the implementation of safety planning and lethal means counseling, including using clinical pathways, training of staff, optimizing reimbursement, and integrating resources into the electronic medical record system. Finally, the article highlights emerging innovations aimed at improving the reach of safety plan interventions in the ED setting.

BACKGROUND:Depression rates are higher in women, especially during periods of hormonal fluctuation. Reproductive system disorders (RSDs), which often disrupt hormonal balance, may contribute to this mental health burden. Despite their prevalence and significant health implications, the link between RSDs and depression remains underexplored, leaving a gap in understanding these women's mental health risks. METHODS:Using Danish nationwide health registers (2005-2018), we conducted a cohort study of 2,295,824 women aged 15-49, examining depression outcomes in 265,891 women diagnosed with 24 RSDs, including endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and pain-related diagnoses. For each RSD, age-matched controls were selected. We calculated incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and prevalence proportions of depression diagnoses or antidepressant use around RSD diagnosis. RESULTS:Across all RSD subtypes, women demonstrated higher rates of depression both before and after diagnosis, with a peak within the year following diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios within 1 year of RSD diagnosis ranged from 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.25) to 2.09 (95% CI 1.98-2.21), depending on RSD subtype. Elevated depression prevalence was observed 3 years before diagnosis, suggesting mental health impacts may have preceded clinical RSD identification. CONCLUSIONS:This study reveals a striking association between RSDs and depression. Women with RSDs are more likely to suffer from depression, before and after RSD diagnosis, highlighting the need for integrated mental health screening and intervention. With over 10% of women affected by RSDs, addressing this overlooked mental health burden is imperative for improving well-being in a significant portion of the population.