Faculty Bibliography

In the United States and elsewhere, children are more likely to have poor oral health if they are homeless, poor, and/or members of racial/ethnic minority and immigrant populations who have suboptimal access to oral health care. As a result, poor oral health serves as the primary marker of social inequality. Here, the authors posit that school-based oral health programs that aim to purposefully address determinants of health care access, health and well-being, and skills-based health education across multiple levels of influence (individual/population, interpersonal, community, and societal/policy) may be more effective in achieving oral health equity than programs that solely target a single outcome (screening, education) or operate only on the individual level. An ecological model is derived from previously published multilevel frameworks and the World Health Organization (WHO) concept of a health-promoting school. The extant literature is then examined for examples of evaluated school-based oral health programs, their locations and outcomes(s)/determinant(s) of interest, the levels of influence they target, and their effectiveness and equity attributes. The authors view school-based oral health programs as vehicles for advancing oral health equity, since vulnerable children often lack access to any preventive or treatment services absent on-site care provision at schools. At the same time, they are incapable of achieving sustainable results without attention to multiple levels of influence. Policy solutions that improve the nutritional quality of children's diets in schools and neighborhoods and engage alternative providers at all levels of influence may be both effective and equitable.

BACKGROUND:Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) has recently been shown to accurately detect nerve injury and regeneration. This study assesses whether 7-tesla (7T) DTT imaging is a viable modality to observe axonal outgrowth in a 4 cm rabbit sciatic nerve injury model fixed by a reverse autograft (RA) surgical technique. METHODS:Transection injury of unilateral sciatic nerve (4 cm long) was performed in 25 rabbits and repaired using a RA surgical technique. Analysis of the nerve autograft was performed at 3, 6, and 11 weeks postoperatively and compared to normal contralateral sciatic nerve, used as control group. High-resolution DTT from ex vivo sciatic nerves were obtained using 3D diffusion-weighted spin-echo acquisitions at 7-T. Total axons and motor and sensory axons were counted at defined lengths along the graft. RESULTS:At 11 weeks, histologically, the total axon count of the RA group was equivalent to the contralateral uninjured nerve control group. Similarly, by qualitative DTT visualization, the 11-week RA group showed increased fiber tracts compared to the 3 and 6 weeks counterparts. Upon immunohistochemical evaluation, 11-week motor axon counts did not significantly differ between RA and control; but significantly decreased sensory axon counts remained. Nerves explanted at 3 weeks and 6 weeks showed decreased motor and sensory axon counts. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:7-T DTT is an effective imaging modality that may be used qualitatively to visualize axonal outgrowth and regeneration. This has implications for the development of technology that non-invasively monitors peripheral nerve regeneration in a variety of clinical settings.

BACKGROUND:Analysis of Internet search patterns is rapidly transforming the study of human behavior. Google's data, accessed through Google Trends, have proven extremely insightful in several fields of medical research. Despite its adoption in other fields of medicine, Google Trends has not yet been explored in the field of plastic surgery. METHODS:The number of cosmetic surgery procedures from 2005 through 2016 was obtained from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons annual reports. Using Google Trends, the most commonly used keywords describing each procedure were determined, and data regarding search interest over time, interest across geographic area, and Related Queries were obtained. The number of procedures performed annually was compared to relative search volume from the corresponding year and the year prior to determine correlation. RESULTS:Of the 22 procedures evaluated, the annual number of eight procedures correlated with Internet search volume in the corresponding year, and six procedures correlated with the Internet searches performed in the year prior. Florida and New York were the states with the most searches for these procedures. Related Queries suggested that several factors, such as operative techniques, notable individuals undergoing procedures, and cost, variably drove correlations for different procedures. CONCLUSIONS:Google Trends is a powerful tool that can be used to better understand patient interest in, questions about, and decisions regarding cosmetic surgery procedures. These findings warrant action by aesthetic surgeons to increase interest, address misinformation, and help patients fill the gaps of information missed by Internet searches.

Reconstruction of the nasal lining has traditionally been performed using the folded radial forearm free flap, given its reliable blood supply, pliability, and familiarity to surgeons with respect to its harvest. More recently, the free ulnar forearm flap has been proposed as an alternative reconstructive option for the nasal lining, with safe and reliable outcomes, and improved donor-site morbidity compared with its radial counterpart. In this article, the authors provide educational video footage with accompanying text description of the senior author's (E.D.R) approach to design and elevation of the free ulnar forearm flap for the purpose of reconstructing a composite nasal defect. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: Therapeutic, V.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE:To determine if a long segment of trachea can be transplanted as a vascularized organ and to determine if a tracheal transplant is a potential surgical option for a long-segment circumferential tracheal defect. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Animal model. METHODS:Four (two donors and two recipients) adult domestic Yorkshire swine were used. Two sets of transplants were performed from a donor to recipient pig. The transplant was placed heterotopically (not in continuity with the airway), and the recipient animals were monitored for 14 days to ensure the transplants were well vascularized. Immunosuppressive therapies included methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Gross as well as histological examination of multiple tissues types including mucosa, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels were performed postsacrifice on day 14. RESULTS:Recipient animal weights ranged from 40 to 42 kilograms. Both recipient pigs survived the full 14 days of study and exhibited normal activity and appetite. Ischemia time of transplanted grafts ranged from 63 to 72 minutes. Transplanted tracheas included a minimum of 15 cartilaginous rings and measured greater than 10 cm in length. Both grafts maintained a robust blood supply throughout the duration of study. CONCLUSIONS:The entire visceral compartment can be reliably transplanted, either as a single component (trachea) or as a chimeric flap with multiple components (trachea, esophagus, larynx, and pharynx). Further studies in the swine model should be considered to study the effects of transplanting the trachea orthotopically into the native airway. Further studies are needed into the reliability of this technique of transplantation in humans. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:NA Laryngoscope, 128:S1-S9, 2018.