Faculty Bibliography

Oral cancer patients report severe pain during function. Inflammation plays a role in the oral cancer microenvironment; however, the role of immune cells and associated secretion of inflammatory mediators in oral cancer pain has not been well defined. In this study, we utilized two oral cancer mouse models: a cell line supernatant injection model and the 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) chemical carcinogenesis model. We used the two models to study changes in immune cell infiltrate and orofacial nociception associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC). Oral cancer cell line supernatant inoculation and 4NQO-induced oSCC resulted in functional allodynia and neuronal sensitization of trigeminal tongue afferent neurons. While the infiltration of immune cells is a prominent component of both oral cancer models, our use of immune-deficient mice demonstrated that oral cancer-induced nociception was not dependent on the inflammatory component. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), was identified in high concentration in oral cancer cell line supernatant and in the tongue tissue of 4NQO-treated mice with oSCC. Inhibition of TNFa signaling abolished oral cancer cell line supernatant-evoked functional allodynia and disrupted T cell infiltration. With these data, we identified TNFa as a prominent mediator in oral cancer-induced nociception and inflammation highlighting the need for further investigation in neural-immune communication in cancer pain.

The American Society of Plastic Surgeons commissioned the Breast Reconstruction Performance Measure Development Work Group to identify and draft quality measures for the care of patients undergoing breast reconstruction surgery. Two outcome measures were identified. The first desired outcome was to reduce the number of returns to the operating room following reconstruction within 60 days of the initial reconstructive procedure. The second desired outcome was to reduce flap loss within 30 days of the initial reconstructive procedure. All measures in this report were approved by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Breast Reconstruction Performance Measures Work Group and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Executive Committee. The Work Group recommends the use of these measures for quality initiatives, Continuing Medical Education, Maintenance of Certification, American Society of Plastic Surgeons' Qualified Clinical Data Registry reporting, and national quality reporting programs.

Fingertip amputation is the most common amputation encountered by hand surgeons. Treatment decisions are multifactorial, based on mechanism, level of injury, tissue loss, associated injuries, and patient preference, among others. In this article, we present use of the thenar flap in combination with bone graft and split-thickness nail bed graft to address the tripartite loss of distal phalanx, soft tissue, and nail bed. This method allows for a full-length and functional reconstructed fingertip that is aesthetically satisfactory and does not require microsurgical techniques.

Wounds of the foot challenge reconstructive surgeons to manage multiple factors: sensibility, stability, and durability. In this article, we focus on the insensate foot, which poses challenges to wound prevention with its propensity to develop pressure ulceration. The authors present the innovative use of a pressure-sensing smart insole system (SurroSense Rx, Orpyx Medical Technologies Inc., Calgary, Canada) in the management of the insensate foot in a patient following foot reconstruction. The pressure-sensing smart insole system provided unique feedback to both patient and provider in ways that contributed to the prevention of pressure ulcer recurrence, as well as highlight the importance of prescribed footwear in both the affected and unaffected foot. Wearable real-time monitoring and feedback faces the challenge of patient adherence. Future studies are indicated to examine the specific behaviors that are associated with favorable outcomes and long-term behavior changes.

Background/UNASSIGNED:While possessing numerous benefits, microsurgical breast reconstruction is associated with longer operative times and post-operative hospital length of stay compared to implant-based reconstruction. We therefore evaluate factors associated with increased length of stay (LOS) after microsurgical breast reconstruction with a case-control study design. Methods/UNASSIGNED:All patients undergoing immediate or delayed abdominally-based microsurgical breast reconstruction over a two-year time period were identified. Risk factors associated with LOS greater than or equal to 5 days were identified. Results/UNASSIGNED:A total of 116 patients undergoing immediate or delayed abdominally-based microsurgical breast reconstruction were identified. Of these, 86 (74.1%) had a LOS of 4 days or less (mean: 3.70 days) while 30 (25.9%) had a LOS of 5 days or greater (mean: 5.50 days).With regards to patient demographics and intra-operative factors, patients with a LOS of 5 days or greater were significantly more likely to have diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001), undergo bilateral reconstruction (p = 0.0003) and total mastectomy (p < 0.0001), and have a longer operative time (p < 0.0001) while significantly less likely to undergo post-operative radiation (p = 0.0421). Notably, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of follow-up time, or time since breast reconstruction (p = 0.0600).With regards to reconstructive complications, patients with LOS of 5 days of greater were significantly more likely to experience abdominal donor site abscess (p < 0.0001), breast hematoma (p = 0.0186), and return to the operating room for flap compromise (p < 0.0001). Conclusions/UNASSIGNED:Multiple patient-specific, intra-operative, and post-operative outcomes factors are associated with increased length of stay with immediate and delayed microsurgical breast reconstruction.

Widespread pain and anxiety are commonly reported in cancer patients. We hypothesize that cancer is accompanied by attenuation of endogenous opioid-mediated inhibition, which subsequently causes widespread pain and anxiety. To test this hypothesis we used a mouse model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the tongue. We found that mice with tongue SCC exhibited widespread nociceptive behaviors in addition to behaviors associated with local nociception that we reported previously. Tongue SCC mice exhibited a pattern of reduced opioid receptor expression in the spinal cord; intrathecal administration of respective mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) opioid receptor agonists reduced widespread nociception in mice, except for the fail flick assay following administration of the MOR agonist. We infer from these findings that opioid receptors contribute to widespread nociception in oral cancer mice. Despite significant nociception, mice with tongue SCC did not differ from sham mice in anxiety-like behaviors as measured by the open field assay and elevated maze. No significant differences in c-Fos staining were found in anxiety-associated brain regions in cancer relative to control mice. No correlation was found between nociceptive and anxiety-like behaviors. Moreover, opioid receptor agonists did not yield a statistically significant effect on behaviors measured in the open field and elevated maze in cancer mice. Lastly, we used an acute cancer pain model (injection of cancer supernatant into the mouse tongue) to test whether adaptation to chronic pain is responsible for the absence of greater anxiety-like behavior in cancer mice. No changes in anxiety-like behavior were observed in mice with acute cancer pain.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Consolidation is a standard part of most post-distraction protocols. This study aims to determine whether the deliberate omission of a consolidation period following mandibular distraction (MD) in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) affected the airway outcomes and complication rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS/METHODS:A retrospective chart review of 28 neonates with PRS who underwent MD for severe airway obstruction between 2009 and 2014 was performed. Neonates were split into 2 cohorts: those with a very short or no consolidation (no consolidation group, n = 18) and those with a traditional consolidation period (consolidation group, n = 10). RESULTS:Mean consolidation length was 25 days in the conventional consolidation group and 1.5 days in the no consolidation group (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, both groups showed equivalent improvements in their obstructive index as measured by polysomnography. Compared with the patients who underwent convention consolidation, patients in the "no consolidation" group did not require a greater number of repeat distraction, supplemental oxygen, or tracheostomy. Nor was there any significant difference in the number of complications between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:In neonates with PRS treated with MD for severe airway obstruction, the omission of a consolidation period does not appear to significantly affect the complication rate or resolution of airway obstruction.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lymphatic reconstitution and regeneration occurs after clinical facial transplantation using indocyanine green lymphography and immunohistochemical markers. METHODS: Allograft skin biopsies at multiple posttransplant time points were stained with Lyve1 lymphatic antibody and other endothelial antibodies. Staining intensity was interpreted on a scale of none, mild, moderate, and strong by 2 investigators and consolidated by a third party for final interpretation. Standardized real-time lymphography was performed at various posttransplant time points to evaluate lymphatic reconstitution and regeneration. RESULTS: Forty-two biopsies were evaluated at 15 different time points from posttransplant days 7 to 420. Strong Lyve1 staining was observed in 52.4%, moderate staining in 14.3%, and weak staining in 33.3% of biopsies. Strong staining was present on days 7, 10, 44, 79, 269, 402, and 420. Three lymphographic studies were conducted at 8.5, 30, and 35 months posttransplant. Initial drainage via distinct lymphatic channels with abrupt dermal splash and lymphostasis was observed at 8.5-month posttransplant. At 30- and 35-month posttransplant, communication of multiple lymphatic channels between donor tissue and recipient tissue was evident with distinct drainage into native recipient cervical lymph nodes. This correlated with ongoing clinical resolution of facial edema and was unaffected by 3 episodes of acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support ongoing lymphatic reconstitution between the donor facial allograft and recipient native tissue. Donor lymphatic regeneration begins after facial transplantation and continues long term. This mechanism may be responsible for the temporal and spatial process of lymphatic reconstitution with recipient lymphatic channels.