Faculty Bibliography
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Carry On, or Cause for Concern? Interpreting Updates to the Low-Risk TAVR Trials [Editorial]
PMID: 42242989
ISSN: 1532-8422
CID: 6044532
Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy. 2026.DOI: 10.1177/11207000261447423
Outcomes in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty with history of prior hip arthroscopy
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:As the number of total hip arthroscopies performed rises, further research is needed on the impact hip arthroscopy (HA) may have on total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study aimed to compare clinical and patient-reported outcomes of THA in patients with and without a history of HA. METHODS:= 448) based on age, sex, race, smoking status, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, body mass index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Perioperative data, rates of complications and reoperation/revisions, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Joint Replacement (HOOS, JR), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores were collected. Logistic regression was used to assess if the likelihood of reoperation was related to prior HA and surgical approach. RESULTS:= 0.009). Surgical approach for THA was not associated with postoperative dislocation rate. Patient-reported outcomes were not different among the 2 cohorts. CONCLUSIONS:In our study, THA patients with history of HA experienced increased rates of dislocation and return to operation room. These findings highlight a need for increased clinical awareness. These findings may inform intraoperative and postoperative modifications to increase prosthetic hip stability. Additionally, this knowledge can have implications for insurance billing and payments, as these cases are coded as primary THA but may present with more complexity or worse outcomes.
PMID: 42237899
ISSN: 1724-6067
CID: 6044252
Comparing causal parameters with many treatments and positivity violations
Comparing outcomes across treatments is essential in medicine and public policy. To do so, researchers typically estimate a set of parameters, possibly counterfactual, each targeting adifferent treatment. Treatment-specific means are commonly used, but their identification requires a positivity assumption: every subject has a nonzero probability of receiving each treatment. This assumption is often implausible, especially when treatment can take many values. Causal parameters based on dynamic stochastic interventions offer robustness to positivity violations. However, comparing these parameters may fail to reflect the effects of the underlying target treatments because the parameters can depend on outcomes under nontarget treatments. To clarify when two parameters targeting different treatments yield a useful comparison of treatment efficacy, we propose a comparability criterion: if the conditional treatment-specific mean for one treatment is greater than that for another, then the corresponding causal parameter should also be greater. Many standard parameters fail to satisfy this criterion, but we show that only a mild positivity assumption is needed to identify parameters that yield useful comparisons. We then provide two simple examples that satisfy this criterion and are identifiable under the milder positivity assumption: trimmed and smooth-trimmed treatment-specific means with multivalued treatments. For smooth-trimmed treatment-specific means, we develop doubly robust-style estimators that attain parametric convergence rates under nonparametric conditions. We illustrate our methods with an analysis of dialysis providers in New York State.
PMCID:13229585
PMID: 42238963
ISSN: 0006-3444
CID: 6044302
Eponyms in Dentistry - Physiology and Pathology [Historical Article]
Do you ever wonder who is behind the names, diseases, structures, procedures, or syndromes often taught in dental or medical school? For instance, the Cusp of Carabelli on a maxillary molar, the Wharton duct of the submandibular gland, or the Eustachian tube that gives the perception of a stuffed ear before landing are three structures named after individuals who first described them centuries ago. This is a long-overdue exploration of 60 names for 53 of the most relevant eponyms, many of whom have likely been forgotten.I.
PMID: 41926368
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041182
Mobile Imaging-Based Machine Learning for Dental Caries, Sealants, and Fluorosis: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Model Development and Validation Study
BACKGROUND:Assessing dental caries, sealants, and fluorosis is essential for public health surveillance, providing critical data to evaluate national prevention programs. Standard methods performed by dental professionals are often limited by affordability, accessibility, and scalability for both population-level and individualized assessments. Mobile health (mHealth) approaches to concurrently detect caries, sealants, and fluorosis have remained largely unexplored, especially at the population level. OBJECTIVE:This study leverages mHealth technologies that integrate computer vision using machine learning and deep learning with images captured by smartphone cameras and low-cost intraoral cameras. The primary objective is to develop and validate models for detecting caries lesions, identifying sealants, and quantifying fluorosis severity from standardized dental images, using standardized visual clinical examinations as the reference standard. METHODS:The proposed study population will include approximately 1000 adolescents in Colorado, United States, living in communities with naturally elevated fluoride levels in the public water system. Participants will undergo standardized clinical dental examinations and imaging using intraoral cameras and smartphones. Supervised learning models will incorporate reference chart-based color correction, radiomic spatial and textural features, and neural network classifiers. The reference standard will be standardized visual clinical examinations performed by trained and calibrated dental professionals. Two models will be developed and evaluated: one to detect caries lesions and sealants and another to assess fluorosis severity. Model performance will be evaluated against clinical assessments by dental professionals using stratified cross-validation and multiclass performance metrics while minimizing bias and accounting for confounders common to human examiners. RESULTS:A standardized dental examination, an intraoral imaging protocol, and a smartphone imaging protocol are used to assess all 8 permanent molars for caries and sealants, as well as the 6 upper anterior teeth for fluorosis severity. Pilot studies were conducted to test study logistics and calibrate 3 examiners in person, supplemented by debriefings, mobile app training, and a web-based calibration module. The study was funded in September 2022 with supplemental funding awarded in June 2024. The study launched in May 2024, and as of January 2026, data have been collected from approximately 300 participants. CONCLUSIONS:The integration of computer vision and mobile device imaging will enable affordable, scalable, population-level assessments for detecting caries and sealants and quantifying fluorosis severity among adolescents. mHealth technologies have been increasingly incorporated into dentistry for both clinical decision support and at-home use. This protocol will further help establish a structured methodological framework for acquiring, processing, and analyzing mobile imaging data for dental health surveillance and epidemiological studies. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)/UNASSIGNED:DERR1-10.2196/91239.
PMCID:13077280
PMID: 41911013
ISSN: 1929-0748
CID: 6041142
Large-scale exome analyses reveal new rare variant contributions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heritable disorder where rare variants with low-to-moderate penetrance are thought to dominate genetic risk. To identify such rare variants, we harmonized and analyzed exome data from 22 cohorts, totaling 17,919 individuals with ALS and 200,703 controls across discovery and replication phases. Rare variant analyses identified several new risk genes, with replication confirming association of YKT6 and supporting HTR3C, GBGT1 and KNTC1. We also provide strong, independent validation for genes with limited previous evidence: ARPP21, DNAJC7 and CFAP410. Notably, in ARPP21, we identified a new high-effect variant (p.P747L) and confirmed that p.P563L is an ALS-associated variant leading to an aggressive disease course. Beyond new discoveries, our analyses largely recapitulated the known genetic architecture of ALS, identifying risk variants in over 20% of cases and supporting a cumulative oligogenic risk model. These findings highlight new translational targets and show that rare variant analyses capture substantially more genetic risk than common variant genome-wide association studies.
PMCID:13083253
PMID: 41917433
ISSN: 1546-1718
CID: 6041162
Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
BACKGROUND:Meningitis remains the leading infectious cause of neurological disabilities globally, disproportionately affecting children younger than 5 years and populations in the African meningitis belt. Whereas previous global estimates focused on ten pathogen categories, this study presents the most comprehensive analysis to date, assessing the meningitis burden attributable to 17 causative pathogens based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework. METHODS:GBD is a systematic, scientific effort aimed at quantifying the comparative magnitude of health loss caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors across age groups, sexes, and geographical locations over time. We estimated meningitis mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and morbidity using DisMod-MR 2.1, incorporating data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, hospital data, and systematic reviews. Aetiology-specific estimates were generated with pathogen-linked case-fatality ratios and splined binomial regression models. Risk factor attribution was based on established risk-outcome pairs and population attributable fractions. FINDINGS/RESULTS:In 2023, there were 259 000 (95% uncertainty interval 202 000-335 000) global deaths and 2·54 million (2·20-2·93) incident cases of meningitis. Children younger than 5 years accounted for more than a third of deaths (86 600 [53 300-149 000]). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, non-polio enteroviruses, and other viruses were the leading causes of death, while non-polio enteroviruses caused the most cases. The four WHO-defined preventable meningitis pathogens of interest (S pneumoniae, N meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Group B streptococcus) contributed to 98 700 deaths (77 000-127 000) and 594 000 cases (514 000-686 000). Low birthweight, short gestation, and household air pollution were the top risk factors for meningitis-related mortality. INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSIONS:Although mortality and incidence have declined significantly since 1990, progress is insufficient to meet WHO 2030 targets. Despite marked progress in reducing bacterial meningitis via global vaccination campaigns, a substantial meningitis burden persists, attributable both to common pathogens such as S pneumoniae and N meningitidis and to emerging non-bacterial pathogens such as Candida spp and drug-resistant fungi. Achieving WHO goals will require sustained investment in surveillance, vaccination, maternal screening, and health-system strengthening, especially in high-burden settings. FUNDING/BACKGROUND:Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK Department of Health and Social Care.
PMID: 41911930
ISSN: 1474-4465
CID: 6041152
Eponyms in Dentistry - Anatomy and Histology [Historical Article]
This article, the second in a series of eight, highlights the lives and original works of 21 scientists whose names are preserved in 20 enduring eponyms still found in dental anatomy and histology textbooks. Though frequently referenced in education, the historical context and the original publications behind these terms are often overlooked. By revisiting their biographies and citing the original sources where each eponym was first described, this work offers a long-overdue acknowledgment of their lasting contributions to dental science.
PMID: 41926369
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041192
Prevalence and Predisposing Factors of Periapical Mucositis: A Cross-Sectional Study
AIM/OBJECTIVE:Periapical mucositis (PAM) is defined as inflammation of the periapical tissues and localized oedema of the maxillary sinus mucosa, typically resulting from periradicular disease. Radiographically on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), PAM presents as mucosal thickening or a dome-shaped soft tissue expansion along the floor of the maxillary sinus, adjacent to the affected root apex. Although several studies have evaluated PAM, their findings vary considerably. This study aims (1) to evaluate the prevalence of PAM in maxillary posterior teeth amongst patients at NYU College of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, and (2) to identify predisposing factors associated with PAM. METHODOLOGY/METHODS:CBCT evaluation and chart review were conducted at NYU College of Dentistry from 2016 to 2021. A total of 586 scans were screened, and 335 scans were included. The presence of PAM, periapical osteoperiostitis, maxillary sinus floor bony erosion, age, sex, pulpal and periapical diagnosis, size of the lesion, the vertical and horizontal distance between the sinus floor and roots, number of roots with apical lesions, type of tooth and iatrogenic errors during treatment were recorded. Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. RESULTS:Of the 335 scans included, 13 presented with mucositis without periradicular disease and were excluded from the analysis. A total of 322 scans were analysed. The prevalence of PAM was 55.5%. The presence of maxillary sinus floor bone erosion was associated with 7.56 times higher odds of PAM than those without sinus floor erosion (p < 0.001). Each incremental increase in CBCTPAI was associated with a 1.43-fold increase in the odds of PAM occurrence (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:PAM was present in over half of patients presenting with apical periodontitis affecting the posterior maxillary dentition. Maxillary sinus bony floor erosion and periapical lesion size were predisposing factors to PAM development.
PMID: 41910221
ISSN: 1365-2591
CID: 6041132
Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences
The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1-3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts' choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen's d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.
PMID: 41922703
ISSN: 1476-4687
CID: 6041172
