Faculty Bibliography
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Department/Unit:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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11618
Associations among the home language environment and neural activity during infancy
Characteristics of the home language environment, independent of socioeconomic background, may account for disparities in early language abilities. Past studies have reported links between the quantity of language input within the home and differences in brain function during early childhood. The current study examined associations between home language input and EEG brain activity in a socioeconomically diverse sample of 6- to 12-month-old infants (N = 94). Replicating past studies, a positive correlation was found between measures of socioeconomic status and language input. Examining links between language input and brain activity, analyses yielded a negative association, with children who heard more adult words in the home demonstrating reduced EEG beta power (13-19 Hz) in the parietal region. Exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between language input and the amount of chaos and disorganization in the home. Specifically, among children living in high-chaos households, children who heard more adult words tended to have reduced EEG activity. Among children living in low-chaos homes, there was no link between adult word count and children's EEG activity. These findings demonstrate the importance of the early home environment context in shaping neurocognitive trajectories.
PMID: 32510343
ISSN: 1878-9307
CID: 4474442
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED BILIARY DRAINAGE (EUS-BD) WITH LUMEN APPOSING METAL STENTS FOR MALIGNANT BILIARY OBSTRUCTION: A MULTICENTER NORTH AMERICAN EXPERIENCE [Meeting Abstract]
Background: Endoscopic Ultrasound guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been demonstrated as a safe and effective alternative to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in malignant biliary obstruction. Various plastic and metal stents have previously been used for drainage, with recently increasing use of lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS). However there is limited data to guide patient selection, choice of stent, or method of placement. This study examines the rates of technical success, clinical success, and adverse events associated with the use of LAMS for EUS-BD.
Method(s): A retrospective study was conducted at 10 institutions. It included all cases of biliary obstruction that EUS-BD was performed using a LAMS. Collected data points were clinical and technical factors, adverse events and mortality. Main outcomes were technical success (defined as successful LAMS placement), clinical success (50% decline in bilirubin at 2 weeks), recurrence of biliary obstruction, and adverse events.
Result(s): 72 patients were included with median follow up of 56 days. Descriptive data is in Table 1 and Table 2. Most obstructions (89%) were at the distal common bile duct and the main etiology was pancreatic cancer (82%). Mean pre-procedure bilirubin was 19.2 mg/dl and common bile duct size was 22.7 mm. ERCP was attempted initially in 47% of patients. In patients where technical success (97%) was achieved, 100% clinical resolution was noted. Median time to clinical success was 1 day. Biliary obstruction recurred in 6% of cases, though no predicting factors were identified. A total of 9 (12.5%) (6 mild, 1 moderate, 2 severe) non-LAMS related adverse events were reported. There were 11 (15%) LAMS associated adverse events (6 food impaction, 4 bleeding, 1 migration). Elective LAMS removal without fistula closure was performed in 3 cases and was not associated with recurrent biliary obstruction or adverse events. 17% of patients died during follow up but no deaths were attributed to the procedure.
Conclusion(s): EUS-BD with LAMS is effective in relieving malignant biliary obstruction with low rates of recurrence. There was high technical success with this procedure and this resulted in clinical resolution in all successful cases. No other clinical or technical factors were associated with initial technical or clinical success, recurrent biliary obstruction or adverse events. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and generate longer term data. [Formula presented] [Formula presented]
Copyright
Method(s): A retrospective study was conducted at 10 institutions. It included all cases of biliary obstruction that EUS-BD was performed using a LAMS. Collected data points were clinical and technical factors, adverse events and mortality. Main outcomes were technical success (defined as successful LAMS placement), clinical success (50% decline in bilirubin at 2 weeks), recurrence of biliary obstruction, and adverse events.
Result(s): 72 patients were included with median follow up of 56 days. Descriptive data is in Table 1 and Table 2. Most obstructions (89%) were at the distal common bile duct and the main etiology was pancreatic cancer (82%). Mean pre-procedure bilirubin was 19.2 mg/dl and common bile duct size was 22.7 mm. ERCP was attempted initially in 47% of patients. In patients where technical success (97%) was achieved, 100% clinical resolution was noted. Median time to clinical success was 1 day. Biliary obstruction recurred in 6% of cases, though no predicting factors were identified. A total of 9 (12.5%) (6 mild, 1 moderate, 2 severe) non-LAMS related adverse events were reported. There were 11 (15%) LAMS associated adverse events (6 food impaction, 4 bleeding, 1 migration). Elective LAMS removal without fistula closure was performed in 3 cases and was not associated with recurrent biliary obstruction or adverse events. 17% of patients died during follow up but no deaths were attributed to the procedure.
Conclusion(s): EUS-BD with LAMS is effective in relieving malignant biliary obstruction with low rates of recurrence. There was high technical success with this procedure and this resulted in clinical resolution in all successful cases. No other clinical or technical factors were associated with initial technical or clinical success, recurrent biliary obstruction or adverse events. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and generate longer term data. [Formula presented] [Formula presented]
Copyright
EMBASE:2006056124
ISSN: 1097-6779
CID: 4472122
Prediction of social behavior in autism spectrum disorders: Explicit versus implicit social cognition
LAY ABSTRACT/UNASSIGNED:Difficulties with social communication and interaction are a hallmark feature of autism spectrum disorder. These difficulties may be the result of problems with explicit social cognition (effortful and largely conscious processes) such as learning and recalling social norms or rules. Alternatively, social deficits may stem from problems with implicit social cognition (rapid and largely unconscious processes) such as the efficient integration of social information. The goal of this study was to determine how problems in explicit and implicit social cognition relate to social behavior in 34 youth with autism spectrum disorder. We measured aspects of implicit and explicit social cognition abilities in the laboratory using behavioral, cognitive, and brain (electrophysiological) measures. We then used those measures to predict "real-world" social behavior as reported by parents, clinicians, and independent observers. Results showed that overall better aspects of implicit and explicit social cognition predicted more competent social behavior. In addition, the ability to fluidly integrate social information (implicit social cognition) was more frequently related to competent social behavior that merely knowing what to do in social situations (explicit social cognition). These findings may help with the development of interventions focusing on improving social deficits.
PMID: 32484000
ISSN: 1461-7005
CID: 4468882
Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams
Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses1. The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset2-5. Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.
PMID: 32483374
ISSN: 1476-4687
CID: 4468852
Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity
Cognitive control and incentive sensitivity are related to overeating and obesity. Optimal white matter integrity is relevant for an efficient interaction among reward-related brain regions. However, its relationship with sensitivity to incentives remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the incentive sensitivity and its relationship to white matter integrity in normal-weight and overweight groups. Seventy-six young adults participated in this study: 31 were normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2, 14 females) and 45 were overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, 22 females). Incentive sensitivity was assessed using an antisaccade task that evaluates the effect of incentives (neutral, reward, and loss avoidance) on cognitive control performance. Diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed to assess white matter integrity. The relationship between white matter microstructure and incentive sensitivity was investigated through tract-based spatial statistics. Behavioral antisaccade results showed that normal-weight participants presented higher accuracy (78.0 vs. 66.7%, p = 0.01) for loss avoidance incentive compared to overweight participants. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis revealed a positive relationship between fractional anisotropy and loss avoidance accuracy in the normal-weight group (p < 0.05). No relationship reached significance in the overweight group. These results support the hypothesis that white matter integrity is relevant for performance in an incentivized antisaccade task.
PMID: 32484819
ISSN: 1932-6203
CID: 4468932
Cortical and subcortical response to the anticipation of reward in high and average/low risk-taking adolescents
Since the first neurodevelopmental models that sought to explain the influx of risky behaviors during adolescence were proposed, there have been a number of revisions, variations and criticisms. Despite providing a strong multi-disciplinary heuristic to explain the development of risk behavior, extant models have not yet reliably isolated neural systems that underlie risk behaviors in adolescence. To address this gap, we screened 2017 adolescents from an ongoing longitudinal study that assessed 15-health risk behaviors, targeting 104 adolescents (Age Range: 17-to-21.4), characterized as high-or-average/low risk-taking. Participants completed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) fMRI task, examining reward anticipation to "big win" versus "neutral". We examined neural response variation associated with both baseline and longitudinal (multi-wave) risk classifications. Analyses included examination of a priori regions of interest (ROIs); and exploratory non-parametric, whole-brain analyses. Hypothesis-driven ROI analysis revealed no significant differences between high- and average/low-risk profiles using either baseline or multi-wave classification. Results of whole-brain analyses differed according to whether risk assessment was based on baseline or multi-wave data. Despite significant mean-level task activation, these results do not generalize prior neural substrates implicated in reward anticipation and adolescent risk-taking. Further, these data indicate that whole-brain differences may depend on how risk-behavior profiles are defined.
PMCID:7262007
PMID: 32479377
ISSN: 1878-9307
CID: 4468642
Beyond Freezing: Temporal Expectancy of an Aversive Event Engages the Amygdalo-Prefronto-Dorsostriatal Network
During Pavlovian aversive conditioning, a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes predictive of the time of arrival of an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). Using a paradigm where animals had to discriminate between a CS+ (associated with a footshock) and a CS- (never associated with a footshock), we show that, early in training, dynamics of neuronal oscillations in an amygdalo-prefronto-striatal network are modified during the CS+ in a manner related to the CS-US time interval (30 or 10 s). This is the case despite a generalized high level of freezing to both CS+ and CS-. The local field potential oscillatory power was decreased between 12 and 30Â Hz in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and increased between 55 and 95Â Hz in the prelimbic cortex (PL), while the coherence between DMS, PL, and the basolateral amygdala was increased in the 3-6Â Hz frequency range up to the expected time of US arrival only for the CS+ and not for the CS-. Changing the CS-US interval from 30 to 10 s shifted these changes in activity toward the newly learned duration. The results suggest a functional role of the amygdalo-prefronto-dorsostriatal network in encoding temporal information of Pavlovian associations independently of the behavioral output.
PMID: 32412084
ISSN: 1460-2199
CID: 4465692
Examining a peer-delivered program for child welfare-involved caregivers at risk for depression
Caregivers involved in the child welfare system are at heightened risk for depression, which has innumerable, deleterious effects upon the family. Screening and active outreach can facilitate identification and service use, yet there are considerable obstacles to detection and help-seeking. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a peer-delivered detection and active outreach program upon depression and engagement in mental health services. Twenty-four caregivers participated in this four-session intervention (Mage? = ?32.5?±?7.46 years). Caregivers evidenced significant reductions in depressive from baseline to posttest and from baseline to follow-up; scores moved from clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms (M = 26.33) to the subclinical range (M = 14.4 at follow-up). A notable increase in treatment engagement over time, as well as the stability of caregivers involved in treatment was detected. Finally, the number of perceived barriers to help seeking were similar among caregivers who were engaged versus not engaged in services. The findings suggest that the active components of the intervention, when delivered by a peer, can effectively reduce depressive symptoms among high-risk caregivers.
SCOPUS:85085358451
ISSN: 1554-8732
CID: 4464102
Neural encoding of time in the animal brain
The processing of temporal intervals is essential to create causal maps and to predict future events so as to best adapt one's behavior. In this review, we explore the different brain activity patterns associated with processing durations and expressing temporally-adapted behavior in animals. We begin by describing succinctly some of the current models of the internal clock that can orient us in what to look for in brain activity. We then outline how durations can be decoded by single cell activity and which activity patterns could be associated with interval timing. We further point to similar patterns that have been observed at a more global level within brain areas (e.g. local field potentials) or, even, between these areas, that could represent another way of encoding duration or could constitute a necessary part for more complex temporal processing. Finally, we discuss to what extent neural data fit with internal clock models, and highlight improvements for experiments to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the brain's temporal encoding and processing.
PMID: 32439369
ISSN: 1873-7528
CID: 4466112
Dietary Assessment Methodology in Response to November 2019 Issue [Letter]
PMID: 32446567
ISSN: 2212-2672
CID: 4464652
