Faculty Bibliography

Background: Ocrelizumab (OCR), a humanized, anti-CD20 antibody therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), is given at 6-month intervals. Some patients on OCR report worsening of MS-related symptoms in the weeks leading up to their infusion ('wearing-off' phenomena), but there are no published reports quantifying symptom variation in relation to the timing of OCR infusions.
Objective(s): We will measure symptom burden using SymptoMScreen, NeuroQol and WPAI:MS at 3 points in each infusion cycle over 2 infusion cycles and also obtain Ocrelizumab concentration (PK), neurofilament light chain (NfL), B-cell subsets, and routine clinical labs prior to each infusion.
Aim(s): To quantitate change in symptom burden throughout the infusion cycle in OCR-treated MS patients and to determine which clinical and paraclinical variables correlate with symptom worsening.
Method(s): Prospective, observational, two-center study enrolled patients with relapsing and progressive forms of MS that are initiating OCR or who have been on OCR for >= 1 year (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT04855617). All patients receive MS care at NYU MS Care Center (NYU) in New York, NY, or the Elliot Lewis MS Center for MS (ELC) in Wellesley, MA. Patients aged 18-80 and with EDSS scores between 0-7 are eligible for enrollment.
Result(s): 110 participants were enrolled and are actively followed in the study (55 from NYU/55 from ELC). At baseline visit, the mean age was 46.0+/-12.7 years; 64.6% were female; 31.8% were non-White; 20.0% were Hispanic/ Latino; disease duration was 12.6+/-9.6 years; OCR treatment duration was 2.8+/-1.0 years; mean EDSS was 3.3+/-2.1 (EDSS<4, n=69 (62.7%), EDSS>=4, n=41 (37.3%)). Breakdown by disease subtypes was: relapsing-remitting, n=68 (61.8%), secondary progressive, n=24 (21.8%), primary progressive, n=18 (16.4%). Among 58 patients who completed at least 2 questionnaires to date, the symptom burden, as assessed with the SymptoMScreen, was unchanged from week 4 post-infusion to week 12 post-infusion (p-values ranged from 0.2-0.9 for each of the 11 individual domains by Wilcoxon nonparametric test).
Conclusion(s): SymBOLS, designed to assess for the wearing-off effect in OCR-treated patients, has successfully enrolled 110 patients across two US sites. Preliminary data suggest there are no changes to symptom burden during the first half of the infusion cycle. Additional data regarding changes during the second half of the cycle as well as NeuroQoL and work productivity (WPAI) data will be presented

Objectives Stroke and post-stroke complications are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Our objective was to examine healthcare utilization and hospice enrollment for stroke patients at the end of life. Materials and methods The 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database is a national database of > 14 million admissions. We used validated ICD-9 codes to identify fatal ischemic stroke, summarized demographics and hospitalization characteristics, and examined healthcare use within 30 days before fatal stroke admission. We used de-identified 2014 Medicare hospice data to identify stroke and non-stroke patients admitted to hospice. Results Among IS admissions in 2014 (n = 472,969), 22652 (4.8%) had in-hospital death. 28.2% with fatal IS had two or more hospitalizations in 2014. Among those with fatal IS admission, 13.0% were admitted with cerebrovascular disease within 30 days of fatal IS admission. Half of stroke patients discharged to hospice from the Medicare dataset were hospitalized with cerebrovascular disease within the thirty days prior to hospice enrollment. Within the study year, 6.9% of hospice enrollees had one or more emergency room visits, 31.7% had one or more inpatient encounters, and 5.2% had one or more nursing facility encounters (compared to 21.4%, 70.6%, and 27.2% respectively in the 30-day period prior to enrollment). Conclusions High rates of readmission prior to fatal stroke may indicate opportunity for improvement in acute stroke management, secondary prevention, and palliative care involvement as encouraged by AHA/ASA guidelines. For patients who are expected to survive 6 months or less, hospice may offer goal-concordant services for patients and caregivers who desire comfort-focused care.

Introduction: Patients with MS and related conditions may be at higher risk for COVID-19 complications due to disease or medication- related factors. Elucidating those factors is imperative for appropriate counseling of patients.
Objective(s): To determine outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with MS and related conditions, and to determine predictors of these outcomes.
Aim(s): To assess impact of COVID-19 in MS patients.
Method(s): This was a multicenter, observational cohort study of patients with MS or related CNS autoimmune disorders who developed confirmed or highly suspected COVID-19 infection from 2/1/2020 to 12/31/2020. Patients from 5 MS centers in New York City and tri-state area were identified by the treating neurologist. The primary outcome measure was hospitalization status due to COVID-19. Data relating to COVID-19 symptoms, diagnostic testing including SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab results (NAAT or antigen testing) and SARS-CoV-2 serologic status as well as data regarding potential risk factors and comorbidities was obtained.
Result(s): Of 474 patients in the study, 63.3% had confirmed COVID-19 infection and 93.9% were diagnosed with an MS phenotype. Mean age was 45+/-13 (mean+/-SD) years, 72% were female, and 86% were treated with a DMT at the time of infection. 58 patients (12.2%) were hospitalized. 24 patients (5.1%) were critically ill (requiring ICU care or outcome of death), of which 15 patients (3.2%) died. Higher neurological disability and older age independently predicted hospitalization. There was no association between specific DMTs or DMT classes and COVID-19 severity. 85% (102/120) of patients with known antibody results who were not treated with anti-CD20 therapies were seropositive while only 39.5% (17/43) of patients being treated with anti-CD20 demonstrated seropositivity (p<0.0001). Only 25% (2/8) of patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 being treated with anti-CD20 therapies demonstrated seropositivity. Conclusions and relevance: In this multicenter study, neurological disability and older age were independent predictors of hospitalization due to COVID-19. These findings will improve counseling of patients regarding risk from COVID-19. Additionally, the results demonstrate that anti-CD20 therapies significantly blunt humoral responses post-infection, a finding that carries potential implications with regards to natural or vaccine- mediated immunity

Migraine affects over 40 million Americans and is the world's second most disabling condition. As the majority of medical care for migraine occurs in primary care settings, not in neurology nor headache subspecialty practices, healthcare system interventions should focus on primary care. Though there is grade A evidence for behavioral treatment (e.g., biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and relaxation techniques) for migraine, these treatments are underutilized. Behavioral treatments may be a valuable alternative to opioids, which remain widely used for migraine, despite the US opioid epidemic and guidelines that recommend against them. Identifying and removing barriers to the use of headache behavioral therapy could help reduce the disability as well as the personal and social costs of migraine. These techniques will have their greatest impact if offered in primary care settings to the lower socioeconomic status groups at greatest risk for migraine. We review the societal and cultural challenges that impose barriers to optimal use of non-pharmacological treatment services. These barriers include insufficient knowledge of migraine/headache behavioral treatments and insufficient availability of clinicians trained in non-pharmacological treatment delivery; limited access in underserved communities; financial burden; and stigma associated with both headache and mental health diagnoses and treatment. For each barrier, we discuss potential approaches to minimizing its effect and thus enhancing non-pharmacological treatment utilization.Case ExampleA 25-year-old graduate student with a prior history of headaches in college is attending school in the evenings while working a full-time job. Now, his headaches have significant nausea and photophobia. They are twice weekly and are disabling enough that he is unable to complete homework assignments. He does not understand why the headaches occur on Saturdays when he pushes through all week to get through his examinations that take place on Friday evenings. He tried two different migraine preventive medications, but neither led to the 50% reduction in headache days his doctor had hoped for. His doctor had suggested cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) before initiating the medications, but he had been too busy to attend the appointments, and the challenges in finding an in-network provider proved difficult. Now with the worsening headaches, he opted for the CBT and by the fifth week had already noted improvements in his headache frequency and intensity.

Background and aims: Intracranial arterial calcification (IAC) has been identified as an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. The predictive value of calcification severity for the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of an ischemic stroke remains undetermined. We aimed to assess the degree of intracranial artery calcification in patients with ischemic stroke and evaluate its correlation with intracranial artery atherosclerotic disease as the underlying mechanism.
Method(s): Two hundred and eleven patients with strokes attributed to large vessel atherosclerotic disease from the NYU Ischemic Stroke Database, determined by two independent vascular neurologists, were enrolled. Patients with tandem lesions or competing pathophysiologic mechanisms were excluded. Head CT scans for each patient were reviewed. The degree of calcification of each vertebral and basilar artery was determined by two physicians using the Woodcock Score (interrater reliability score of kappa = 0.88).
Result(s): The highest prevalence of calcification was seen in the left vertebral artery (47%), and less commonly in the basilar artery (15%). There was a trend towards higher prevalence of moderate-severe IAC in patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerosis than patients with stroke due to extracranial atherosclerosis (40% vs. 28%, P = 0.073). The most common risk factors were hypertension (42 vs. 26%, p = 0.890), dyslipidemia (25 vs. 19%, p = 0.496), and type 2 diabetes (21 vs. 13%, p = 0.415), in patients with stroke due to intracranial atherosclerosis vs extracranial atherosclerosis, respectively.
Conclusion(s): There may be a positive correlation between the severity of vertebrobasilar atherosclerotic disease as determined by the Woodcock score and the likelihood that the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of an ischemic stroke is intracranial atherosclerotic disease.
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Objective: To examine antibody and T-cell responses to mRNAplatform COVID-19 vaccines in Ocrelizumab-treated MS patients over a 12-month period. Introduction: B-cell depletion with Ocrelizumab attenuates humoral responses to vaccines. The kinetics of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in B-cell depleted MS patients has not been reported.
Method(s): VIOLA (NCT04843774) is an open-label, observational study enrolling 60 MS patients on Ocrelizumab from NYU and Rocky Mountain at the University of Colorado MS Centers. First vaccine dose occurred >=2 weeks after ocrelizumab infusion; second-dose >=8 weeks before the next infusion. Antibody responses to SARS-COV-2 spike proteins were assessed with Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Roche Diagnostics) and multiplex bead-based immunoassays. T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were assessed with IFNgamma ELISpot (Invitrogen) and TruCulture (Myriad RBM) and high-dimensional immunophenotyping. Samples are collected pre-vaccination and at 4, 12, 24, and 48-weeks post-vaccination.
Result(s): As of 7/15/2021, 52 subjects have been enrolled (39.7+/-10.0 years; 73% female; 47% non-white), of whom 47 were fully vaccinated (85% Pfizer, 15% Moderna). Anti-spike RBD antibody (Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2) were available for pre- and post-vaccine timepoints for 15 patients. Pre-vaccine, 1/15 (7%) patients had detectable titers, while at 4-weeks postvaccine, 10/15 (66%) patients had detectible titers (mean for positives: 1189 U/ml; 5 patients had positive titers <25 U/ml). T-cell activation based on induced IFNgamma secretion (TruCulture) at baseline and 4-week post-vaccine timepoints were available for 13 patients, of whom 12 (92%) were increased (mean pre-vaccine: 24 pg/ml; mean post-vaccine: 366 pg/ml, two-tailed t-test, p=0.0032).
Conclusion(s): This prospective study of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in Ocrelizumab-treated patients will generate data to help guide management of MS patients on anti-CD20 therapies. Early results suggest that 4-weeks post-vaccination nearly all Ocrelizumab-treated MS patients develop T-cell immunity and two-thirds showed evidence of humoral response. Additional 4-week and 12-week post-vaccination data will be presented

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Up to 25% of patients diagnosed as idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) have an atypical parkinsonian syndrome (APS). We had previously validated an automated image-based algorithm to discriminate between IPD, multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). While the algorithm was accurate with respect to the final clinical diagnosis after long-term expert follow-up, its relationship to the initial referral diagnosis and to the neuropathological gold standard is not known. METHODS:F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET to classify patients as IPD or as APS based on the automated algorithm. Patients were followed by a movement disorder specialist and subsequently underwent neuropathological examination. The image-based classification was compared to the neuropathological diagnosis in 15 patients with parkinsonism. RESULTS:At the time of referral to PET, the clinical impression was only 66.7% accurate. The algorithm correctly identified 80% of the cases as IPD or APS (p = 0.02) and 87.5% of the APS cases as MSA or PSP (p = 0.03). The final clinical diagnosis was 93.3% accurate (p < 0.001), but needed several years of expert follow-up. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The image-based classifications agreed well with autopsy and can help to improve diagnostic accuracy during the period of clinical uncertainty.

CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) results in early-onset seizures and severe developmental impairments. A CDD clinical severity assessment (CCSA) was previously developed with clinician and parent-report items to capture information on a range of domains. Consistent with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, content validation is the first step in evaluating the psychometric properties of an outcome measure. The aim of this study was to validate the content of the clinician-reported items in the CCSA (CCSA-Clinician). Eight neurologists leading the USA CDD Center of Excellence clinics were interviewed using the "think aloud" technique to critique 26 clinician-reported items. Common themes were aggregated, and a literature search of related assessments informed item modifications. The clinicians then participated in 2 consensus meetings to review themes and finalize the items. A consensus was achieved for the content of the CCSA-Clinician. Eight of the original items were omitted, 11 items were added, and the remaining 18 items were revised. The final 29 items were classified into 2 domains: functioning and neurologic impairments. This study enabled refinement of the CCSA-Clinician and provided evidence for its content validity. This preliminary validation is essential before field testing and further validation, in order to advance the instrument toward clinical trial readiness.