Faculty Bibliography

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105

BMC public health. 2020:20(1).DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09572-x

E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health

Sapru, Sakshi; Vardhan, Mridula; Li, Qianhao; Guo, Yuqi; Li, Xin; Saxena, Deepak
BACKGROUND:Many researchers claim electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to be a breakthrough invention for tobacco users that aspires to curb their addiction to conventional cigarettes. Claimed to be safer by their promoters, these smokeless devices have become increasingly popular since their arrival on the market among users of all ages, especially adolescents. This paper investigated the trends in e-cigarette usage since the time it arrived in the United States, highlighting the highest surge that has occurred in adolescent e-cigarette use. It also aimed to understand the reasons and perceptions behind the ever-increasing use of e-cigarettes by adolescents. MAIN BODY/UNASSIGNED:With the advent of e-cigarettes and common positive perceptions regarding their use, we are at risk of reversing the years of efforts regarding tobacco control and instead advance towards a new addiction with currently unknown long-term health hazards. There is substantial data showing a significant increase of e-cigarette users in the United States, especially among adolescents. The aim of this review was to explore the reasons behind this widespread increase in the use of e-cigarettes among the teenage population in the US and also to uncover the common perceptions about these new electronic delivery systems. In addition, this review attempted to summarize health benefits and hazards associated with e-cigarette use as it crucial to have the right information among its users regarding the health effects of e-cigarette use. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:E-cigarettes are more appealing than c-cigarettes for a variety of reasons, including cost, choice of different flavors, ease of accessibility, and use and impact of social media. There are also different perceptions among e-cigarette users, including both adolescents and adults. The former group may use them because of the sense of fashion associated with this novel device, and the latter might intend to quit conventional/combustible cigarettes (c-cigarettes) by switching to e-cigarettes. However, it is important to note that e-cigarettes are a recent phenomenon; therefore, there is a lack of many long-term studies that can identify future health risks associated with e-cigarette use. We need more detailed studies that focus on the long-term health effects of e-cigarette use. Moreover, with the ever-increasing usage of e-cigarettes by adolescents (10 and 19 years), it is very important that e-cigarettes be incorporated into the current tobacco-free laws and ordinances. We conclude by stating that e-cigarettes need stronger regulations to prevent youth access and use.
PMCID:7545933
PMID: 33032554
ISSN: 1471-2458
CID: 4640812
Science immunology. 2020:5(50).DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb5168

Targeting Piezo1 unleashes innate immunity against cancer and infectious disease

Aykut, Berk; Chen, Ruonan; Kim, Jacqueline I; Wu, Dongling; Shadaloey, Sorin A A; Abengozar, Raquel; Preiss, Pamela; Saxena, Anjana; Pushalkar, Smruti; Leinwand, Joshua; Diskin, Brian; Wang, Wei; Werba, Gregor; Berman, Matthew; Lee, Steve Ki Buom; Khodadadi-Jamayran, Alireza; Saxena, Deepak; Coetzee, William A; Miller, George
Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that has gained recognition for its role in regulating diverse physiological processes. However, the influence of Piezo1 in inflammatory disease, including infection and tumor immunity, is not well studied. We postulated that Piezo1 links physical forces to immune regulation in myeloid cells. We found signal transduction via Piezo1 in myeloid cells and established this channel as the primary sensor of mechanical stress in these cells. Global inhibition of Piezo1 with a peptide inhibitor was protective against both cancer and septic shock and resulted in a diminution in suppressive myeloid cells. Moreover, deletion of Piezo1 in myeloid cells protected against cancer and increased survival in polymicrobial sepsis. Mechanistically, we show that mechanical stimulation promotes Piezo1-dependent myeloid cell expansion by suppressing the retinoblastoma gene Rb1 We further show that Piezo1-mediated silencing of Rb1 is regulated via up-regulation of histone deacetylase 2. Collectively, our work uncovers Piezo1 as a targetable immune checkpoint that drives immunosuppressive myelopoiesis in cancer and infectious disease.
PMID: 32826342
ISSN: 2470-9468
CID: 4567692
Genes. 2020:11(8).DOI: 10.3390/genes11080878

The Influences of Bioinformatics Tools and Reference Databases in Analyzing the Human Oral Microbial Community

Sierra, Maria A; Li, Qianhao; Pushalkar, Smruti; Paul, Bidisha; Sandoval, Tito A; Kamer, Angela R; Corby, Patricia; Guo, Yuqi; Ruff, Ryan Richard; Alekseyenko, Alexander V; Li, Xin; Saxena, Deepak
There is currently no criterion to select appropriate bioinformatics tools and reference databases for analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon data in the human oral microbiome. Our study aims to determine the influence of multiple tools and reference databases on α-diversity measurements and β-diversity comparisons analyzing the human oral microbiome. We compared the results of taxonomical classification by Greengenes, the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 16S, SILVA, and the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and the Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm (DADA2). There were 15 phyla present in all of the analyses, four phyla exclusive to certain databases, and different numbers of genera were identified in each database. Common genera found in the oral microbiome, such as Veillonella, Rothia, and Prevotella, are annotated by all databases; however, less common genera, such as Bulleidia and Paludibacter, are only annotated by large databases, such as Greengenes. Our results indicate that using different reference databases in 16S rRNA amplicon data analysis could lead to different taxonomic compositions, especially at genus level. There are a variety of databases available, but there are no defined criteria for data curation and validation of annotations, which can affect the accuracy and reproducibility of results, making it difficult to compare data across studies.
PMID: 32756341
ISSN: 2073-4425
CID: 4554112
Endocrinology & metabolism (Seoul, Korea). 2020:35(1):36-43.DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2020.35.1.36

Multifaceted Actions of Succinate as a Signaling Transmitter Vary with Its Cellular Locations

Guo, Yuqi; Cho, Sun Wook; Saxena, Deepak; Li, Xin
Since the identification of succinate's receptor in 2004, studies supporting the involvement of succinate signaling through its receptor in various diseases have accumulated and most of these investigations have highlighted succinate's pro-inflammatory role. Taken with the fact that succinate is an intermediate metabolite in the center of mitochondrial activity, and considering its potential regulation of protein succinylation through succinyl-coenzyme A, a review on the overall multifaceted actions of succinate to discuss whether and how these actions relate to the cellular locations of succinate is much warranted. Mechanistically, it is important to consider the sources of succinate, which include somatic cellular released succinate and those produced by the microbiome, especially the gut microbiota, which is an equivalent, if not greater contributor of succinate levels in the body. Continue learning the critical roles of succinate signaling, known and unknown, in many pathophysiological conditions is important. Furthermore, studies to delineate the regulation of succinate levels and to determine how succinate elicits various types of signaling in a temporal and spatial manner are also required.
PMID: 32207262
ISSN: 2093-5978
CID: 4358712
iScience. 2020.DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100884

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Modulates the Oral Microbiome and Increases Risk of Infection

Pushalkar, Smruti; Paul, Bidisha; Li, Qianhao; Yang, Jian; Vasconcelos, Rebeca; Makwana, Shreya; González, Juan Muñoz; Shah, Shivm; Xie, Chengzhi; Janal, Malvin N; Queiroz, Erica; Bederoff, Maria; Leinwand, Joshua; Solarewicz, Julia; Xu, Fangxi; Aboseria, Eman; Guo, Yuqi; Aguallo, Deanna; Gomez, Claudia; Kamer, Angela; Shelley, Donna; Aphinyanaphongs, Yindalon; Barber, Cheryl; Gordon, Terry; Corby, Patricia; Li, Xin; Saxena, Deepak
The trend of e-cigarette use among teens is ever increasing. Here we show the dysbiotic oral microbial ecology in e-cigarette users influencing the local host immune environment compared with non-smoker controls and cigarette smokers. Using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, we evaluated 119 human participants, 40 in each of the three cohorts, and found significantly altered beta-diversity in e-cigarette users (p = 0.006) when compared with never smokers or tobacco cigarette smokers. The abundance of Porphyromonas and Veillonella (p = 0.008) was higher among vapers. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β were highly elevated in e-cigarette users when compared with non-users. Epithelial cell-exposed e-cigarette aerosols were more susceptible for infection. In vitro infection model of premalignant Leuk-1 and malignant cell lines exposed to e-cigarette aerosol and challenged by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum resulted in elevated inflammatory response. Our findings for the first time demonstrate that e-cigarette users are more prone to infection.
PMID: 32105635
ISSN: 2589-0042
CID: 4323572
BMC research notes. 2020:13(1).DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4886-8

School-based caries prevention and longitudinal trends in untreated decay: an updated analysis with Markov chains

Ruff, Ryan Richard; Saxena, Deepak; Niederman, Richard
OBJECTIVE:Dental caries (tooth decay) is the most prevalent childhood disease in the world. A school-based program for the prevention of dental caries providing bi-annual sealants, interim therapeutic restorations, and fluoride varnish to children aged 5-12 years was previously associated with a significant reduction in the prevalence of untreated tooth decay over time. The objective of this study was to explore potential nonlinear change in the risk of untreated decay in children receiving caries prevention. RESULTS:Across all study participants, there was a significant increase in the odds of untreated tooth decay over time (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.51, 2.39), but the rate of this risk rapidly decreased with each observational visit (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.93, 0.91). Overall effects substantially depended on the oral health status of participants at baseline: for children with untreated decay at their first observation, the odds of untreated decay over time was 0.39 (95% CI 0.27, 0.55). A quadratic change for this subpopulation showed that the per-visit decrease in decay was attenuated with each subsequent observation (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04, 1.20).
PMID: 31924271
ISSN: 1756-0500
CID: 4257042
Clinical, cosmetic & investigational dentistry. 2020:12:327-333.DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S259158

Standardized Arrabidaea chica Extract Shows Cytoprotective Effects in Zoledronic Acid-Treated Fibroblasts and Osteoblasts

Wiziack Zago, Patricia Maria; Oliveira Sousa, Ilza Maria; Servat-Medina, Leila; Jorge, Michelle Pedroza; Lima Neto, Lidio Gonçalves; Hass, Viviane; Li, Xin; Tasca Gois Ruiz, Ana Lucia; Saxena, Deepak; Foglio, Mary Ann
Introduction/UNASSIGNED:standardized hydro alcoholic extract in vitro cytoprotective activity data on epithelial and osteoblastic cells exposed to zoledronic acid (ZA). Methods/UNASSIGNED:extract for 24h and 48 h. At both times, cells were submitted to viability assay and caspase 3/7 activation evaluation. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA and p=0.05. Results/UNASSIGNED:extract, cells showed higher viability values: 74.1%-82.3% for fibroblasts and 66% for pre-osteoblasts. Furthermore, the combined treatment presented lower caspase 3/7 activation in fibroblasts and pre-osteoblasts. Conclusion/UNASSIGNED:extract showed promising cytoprotective effects against ZA-induced damage actions; however, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to establish the mechanism of action.
PMCID:7429228
PMID: 32848479
ISSN: 1179-1357
CID: 4615172
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1135-1159.DOI:

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [Editorial]

Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi, Mohammad; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abedi, Aidin; Abedi, Parisa; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Aboyans, Victor; Abrams, Elissa M.; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adabi, Maryam; Adair, Tim; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshari, Mahdi; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie E.; Agarwal, Gina; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aghaali, Mohammad; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alema, Niguse Meles; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amare, Bekalu; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Aminorroaya, Arya; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Androudi, Sofia; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari, Iman; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Aripov, Timur; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Asgari, Samaneh; Asghari, Babak; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Atre, Sachin R.; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Getie Lake; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Azhar, Gulrez; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bagli, Eleni; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balachandran, Arun; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Balalla, Shivanthi; Balassyano, Shelly; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bannick, Marlena S.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Bante, Simachew Animen; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Barzegar, Akbar; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Bayisa Abdissa; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bejot, Yannick; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye; Bell, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bender, Rose G.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benziger, Catherine P.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bibi, Sadia; Biehl, Molly H.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisanzio, Donal; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bjorge, Tone; Bockarie, Moses John; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brauer, Michael; Brayne, Carol; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Breusov, Alexey V.; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Brugha, Traolach; Bryazka, Dana; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cahill, Leah E.; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Cai, Tianji; Callender, Charlton S. K. H.; Camera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano; Cao, Jackie; Car, Josip; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castle, Chris D.; Castro, Emma; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chalek, Julian; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Alex R.; Chang, Angela Y.; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charan, Jaykaran; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Cislaghi, Beniamino; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Collins, Emma L.; Comfort, Haley; Compton, Kelly; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Owen R.; Corso, Barbara; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cowie, Benjamin C.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Croneberger, Andrew J.; Cross, Di H.; Cross, Marita; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Cruz, Jessica A.; Cummins, Steven; Cunningham, Matthew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Haijiang; Dai, Hancheng; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; D\Amico, Emanuele; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Gela, Jiregna Darega; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Dean, Frances E.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Deen, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Desalew, Assefa; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Deuba, Keshab; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Dichgans, Martin; Didarloo, Alireza; Dingels, Zachary V.; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dolecek, Christiane; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Chirag P.; Doshi, Pratik P.; Doshmangir, Leila; Douiri, Abdel; Doxey, Matthew C.; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Dunachie, Susanna J.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandari, Khalil; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Fanzo, Jessica; Farag, Tamer; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraj, Anwar; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Flohr, Carsten; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Fornari, Carla; Foroutan, Masoud; Fox, Jack T.; Francis, Joel Msafiri; Frank, Tahvi D.; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fukutaki, Kai; Fuller, John E.; Fullman, Nancy; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gebremeskel, Leake G.; Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Giampaoli, Simona; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gillum, Richard F.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Glagn, Mustefa; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goren, Emily; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gorman, Taren M.; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Goudarzi, Houman; Goudarzian, Amir Hossein; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudi, Nachiket; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gultie, Teklemariam; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Sharan, Subodh; Gupta, Tarun; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hachinski, Vladimir; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hamilton, Erin B.; Hammer, Melanie S.; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Harvey, James D.; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hashemian, Maryam; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Henny, Kiana; Henok, Andualem; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Ho, Hung Chak; Hoek, Hans W.; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hollingsworth, Bruce; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-Rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Hugo, Fernando N.; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Rabia; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, MdMohaimenul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joshi, Ankur; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamath, Aruna M.; Kamiab, Zahra; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karanikolos, Marina; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Karimi, Seyed Asaad; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keddie, Suzanne H.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khang, Young-Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khundkar, Roba; Kianipour, Neda; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knight, Megan; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Koh, David S. Q.; Kohler, Stefan; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korotkova, Anna V.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotlo, Anirudh; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Shaji, K. S.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, Vivek; Kumaresh, Girikumar; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Ben Lacey; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lam, Jennifer O.; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lansky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lauriola, Paolo; Lavados, Pablo M.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leal, Lisiane F.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Leever, Andrew T.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewington, Sarah; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lin, Christine; Lin, Ro-Ting; Linehan, Christine; Linn, Shai; Listl, Stefan; Liu, Hung-Chun; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Yang; Liu, Zichen; Lo, Justin; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lu, Alton; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Jianing; Machado, Daiane Borges; MacLachlan, Jennifer H.; Madadin, Mohammed; Maddison, Emilie R.; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Mai, Hue Thi; Majeed, Azeem; Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N.; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Amir; Manafi, Navid; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Massano, Joao; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; May, Erin A.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Mckee, Martin; Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda; Mekonnen, Teferi; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mengesha, Meresa Berwo; Mensah, George A.; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Milne, George J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Bandpei, Mohammad A. Mohseni; Mokari, Amin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momen, Natalie C.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Joo, Mohammad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Mumford, John Everett; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabavizadeh, Behnam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naik, Gurudatta; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Nandi, Anita K.; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Neupane, Subas; Ngari, Kiirithio N.; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Diep Ngoc; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Jason; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Ming; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nichols, Emma; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei; Nowak, Christoph; Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Orji, Aislyn U.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Oiu, Adrian O.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Section, Mahesh P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Pakshir, Keyvan; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, James; Parmar, Priya G. Kumari; Parry, Charles D. H.; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Jenil R.; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paudel, Sagun; Paulson, Katherine R.; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease, Spencer A.; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Jeevan; Perico, Norberto; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pierce, Maxwell; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Pletcher, Martin; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Polibin, Roman V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J.; Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza; Pourshams, Akram; Poznanska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, Sanjay; Prakash, V.; Prasad, Narayan; Preotescu, Liliana; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranta, Annemarei; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rastogi, Prateek; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Boston, Sofia; Regassa, Lemma Demissie; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Robalik, Toshana; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Roberts, Shaun; Robinson, Stephen R.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Rolfe, Sam; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostamian, Morteza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Saeidi, Shahram; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Zahabi, Saleh Salehi; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R.; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salz, Inbal; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Savic, Miloje; Sawyer, Susan M.; Saxena, Deepak; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Sbarra, Alyssa N.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Seedat, Soraya; Sekerija, Mario; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Shabani, Mahsima; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharafi, Zeinab; Sharara, Fablina; Sharifi, Hamid; Sharma, Rajesh; Shaw, David H.; Sheena, Brittney S.; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shrime, Mark G.; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simonetti, Biagio; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T.; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, Amanda; Smith, Emma U. R.; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soheili, Amin; Sokhan, Anton; Soltani, Shahin; Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spencer, Cory N.; Spotin, Adel; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Sripada, Kam; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stark, Benjamin A.; Steel, Nicholas; Stefan, Simona Catalina; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J.; Steuben, Krista M.; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Straif, Kurt; Stranges, Saverio; Stubbs, Jacob L.; Suchdev, Parminder S.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu\awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Swope, Carolyn B.; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Szocska, Miklos; Szumowski, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M.; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu; Tadesse, Degena Bahrey; Taherkhani, Amir; Tahir, Zarfishan; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S.; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Tang, Muming; Tanser, Frank C.; Tareque, Md Ismail; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Heather Jean; Teagle, Whitney L.; Teame, Hirut; Tediosi, Fabrizio; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha; Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Terrason, Sonyah; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thakur, Bhaskar; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapar, Rekha; Thomas, Nihal; Thomson, Azalea M.; Thrift, Amanda G.; Thurston, George D.; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tlou, Boikhutso; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Trias-Llimos, Sergi; Troeger, Christopher E.; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsai, Alexander C.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Ullah, Irfan; Ullah, Saif; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vacante, Marco; Vaicekonyte, Regina; Vakilian, Alireza; Valdez, Pascual R.; Valli, Alessandro; Van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vardavas, Constantine; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vidale, Simone; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vongpradith, Avina; Vos, Theo; Vu, Giang Thu; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Vukovic, Ana; Vukovic, Rade; Hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel W.; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Walters, Magdalene K.; Wamai, Richard G.; Wang, Fang; Wang, Haidong; Wang, Hongbo; Wang, Jiayu; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yanzhong; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Ward, Joseph L.; Watson, Alexandrea; Watson, Stefanie; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y. 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ISI:000579154000005
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4677342
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1250-1284.DOI:

Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Lozano, Rafael; Fullman, Nancy; Mumford, John Everett; Knight, Megan; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abedi, Aidin; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Adabi, Maryam; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afshin, Ashkan; Agarwal, Gina; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Androudi, Sofia; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Aremu, Olatunde; Arnlov, Johan; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Getie Lake; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azari, Samad; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balachandran, Arun; Balassyano, Shelly; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Bante, Simachew Animen; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Bayisa Abdissa; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye; Bell, Michelle L.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berman, Adam E.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bockarie, Moses John; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Rao; Boloor, Archith; Brady, Oliver J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Florentino; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Camera, Luis Alberto; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Angela Y.; Charan, Jaykaran; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Chin, Ken Lee; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Comfort, Haley; Compton, Kelly; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Gela, Jiregna Darega; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davletov, Kairat; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Hoa Thi Do; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edvardsson, David; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Eskandari, Khalil; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esteghamati, Alireza; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Farag, Tamer; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Sofia e Sa Farinha, Carla; Farioli, Andrea; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Pietro; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Foroutan, Masoud; Francis, Joel Msafiri; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gebremeskel, Leake G.; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Glagn, Mustefa; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goharinezhad, Salime; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goudarzian, Amir Hossein; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gultie, Teklemariam; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md. Mehedi; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hird, Thomas R.; Ho, Hung Chak; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong; Hu, Guoqing; Huda, Tanvir M.; Humayun, Ayesha; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Jaafari, Jalil; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Janjani, Hosna; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Jonas, Jost B.; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Zubair; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamath, Aruna M.; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karanikolos, Marina; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Maseer; Khang, Young-Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Kianipour, Neda; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kivimaki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kohler, Stefan; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korotkova, Anna V.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotlo, Anirudh; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Landires, Ivan; Lansingh, Van Charles; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lauriola, Paolo; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Leever, Andrew T.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lim, Stephen S.; Liu, Xuefeng; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lu, Alton; Ma, Jianing; Madadin, Mohammed; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Majeed, Azeem; Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N.; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Mathur, Manu Raj; McAlinden, Colm; McKee, Martin; Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mekonnen, Teferi; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mensah, George A.; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Mitchell, Philip B.; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Muriithi, Moses K.; Mustafa, Ghulam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Neupane, Subas; Ngari, Kiirithio N.; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Diep Ngoc Nguyen; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nowak, Christoph; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oiu, Adrian O.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin Liane; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Ortiz, Alberto; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Pathak, Mona; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Sagun; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease, Spencer A.; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Jeevan; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza; Pourshams, Akram; Prada, Sergio I.; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahim, Fakher; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Razo, Christian; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. 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ISI:000579154000009
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4677352
Advances in dental research. 2019:30(1):11-15.DOI: 10.1177/0022034519872475

Novel Nicotine Delivery Systems

Kumar, P S; Clark, P; Brinkman, M C; Saxena, D
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are devices that contain a power source, a heating element, and a tank or cartridge containing an "e-liquid," which is a mixture of nicotine and flavoring in a glycerol-propylene glycol vehicle. Their increasing popularity among adolescents might be attributed to aggressive marketing in physical venues, social media outlets, as well as irreversible changes caused by nicotine in the developing brains of youth and young adults, predisposing them to addictive behaviors. Adolescent ENDS users were 4 times more likely to initiate cigarette smoking, and the odds of quitting smoking were lower and, in many instances, delayed for those using ENDS. ENDS also renormalize cigarette-like behaviors, such as inhaling/exhaling smoke. The oral cavity is the initial point of contact of ENDS and the first affected system in humans. Oral health depends on an intricate balance in the interactions between oral bacteria and the human immune system, and dysbiosis of oral microbial communities underlies the etiology of periodontitis, caries, and oral cancer. Emerging evidence from subjects with periodontitis as well as periodontally healthy subjects demonstrates that e-cigarette use is associated with a compositional and functional shift in the oral microbiome, with an increase in opportunistic pathogens and virulence traits.
PMID: 31538804
ISSN: 1544-0737
CID: 4097702