Faculty Bibliography
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Brain Imaging Findings Show Efficacy of Fetal Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy as Prenatal Treatment for Induced Congenital Hydrocephalus in Fetal Lambs
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Congenital obstructive hydrocephalus (HCP) causes progressive, irreversible fetal brain damage through ventricular enlargement and increasing fetal cerebral tissue compression. Postnatal treatments of choice include ventriculoperitoneal shunting or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Intrauterine treatments, such as ventriculoamniotic shunting, were attempted unsuccessfully 4 decades ago and failed to improve postnatal outcomes, likely due to inadequate fetal patient selection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of prenatal ETV for early ventricular decompression and potential prevention of fetal brain damage in hydrocephalic fetal lambs. METHODS:HCP was induced in 24 fetal lambs by injecting BioGlue into the cisterna magna at E85. Three weeks later (E105-110), fetal ETV was successfully performed on 8 fetuses using a small rigid cystoscope. Fetal brain lateral ventricular diameters and cerebral mantle thicknesses were monitored by prenatal and postnatal ultrasounds and fetal MRI. RESULTS:According to the Cincinnati HCP Severity Scale, moderate and severe HCP subgroups responded positively to fetal ETV with reduced cerebral ventricular diameters. Ten days post-ETV, severe HCP fetal lambs improved to moderate levels, whereas those with moderate HCP normalized by birth. A similar improvement pattern was seen for the mechanical compression threshold (ventricular diameters/biparietal diameter). Biparietal diameter values did not significantly differ among nontreated, treated, and normal control groups during pregnancy. MRI revealed a significant increase in brain mantle thickness in the prenatally treated fetuses. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Prenatal ETV is feasible in hydrocephalic fetal lambs and effectively reverses ventriculomegaly and brain compression in cases of severe or moderate fetal HCP in this ovine model.
PMCID:12875635
PMID: 40844280
ISSN: 1524-4040
CID: 6043132
Eponyms in Dentistry - Oral Surgery [Historical Article]
The development of oral and maxillofacial surgery advanced rapidly following the introduction of general anesthesia in 1846, evolving from simple tooth extractions to complex procedures involving the jaws and facial skeleton. Initially driven by general surgeons in Europe and later refined by specialists in the U.S. and elsewhere, this progress is reflected in enduring surgical eponyms. This paper highlights 23 pioneers associated with 21 foundational eponyms-procedures, instruments, and classifications-that remain central to oral surgical practice. These eponyms honor the innovators whose work shaped the field and continue to connect modern surgery to its historical roots.
PMID: 41926370
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041202
Prevalence and Predisposing Factors of Periapical Mucositis: A Cross-Sectional Study
AIM/OBJECTIVE:Periapical mucositis (PAM) is defined as inflammation of the periapical tissues and localized oedema of the maxillary sinus mucosa, typically resulting from periradicular disease. Radiographically on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), PAM presents as mucosal thickening or a dome-shaped soft tissue expansion along the floor of the maxillary sinus, adjacent to the affected root apex. Although several studies have evaluated PAM, their findings vary considerably. This study aims (1) to evaluate the prevalence of PAM in maxillary posterior teeth amongst patients at NYU College of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, and (2) to identify predisposing factors associated with PAM. METHODOLOGY/METHODS:CBCT evaluation and chart review were conducted at NYU College of Dentistry from 2016 to 2021. A total of 586 scans were screened, and 335 scans were included. The presence of PAM, periapical osteoperiostitis, maxillary sinus floor bony erosion, age, sex, pulpal and periapical diagnosis, size of the lesion, the vertical and horizontal distance between the sinus floor and roots, number of roots with apical lesions, type of tooth and iatrogenic errors during treatment were recorded. Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression were used to analyse the data. RESULTS:Of the 335 scans included, 13 presented with mucositis without periradicular disease and were excluded from the analysis. A total of 322 scans were analysed. The prevalence of PAM was 55.5%. The presence of maxillary sinus floor bone erosion was associated with 7.56 times higher odds of PAM than those without sinus floor erosion (p < 0.001). Each incremental increase in CBCTPAI was associated with a 1.43-fold increase in the odds of PAM occurrence (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:PAM was present in over half of patients presenting with apical periodontitis affecting the posterior maxillary dentition. Maxillary sinus bony floor erosion and periapical lesion size were predisposing factors to PAM development.
PMID: 41910221
ISSN: 1365-2591
CID: 6041132
Eponyms in Dentistry - Orthodontics [Historical Article]
Dentistry has witnessed a steady expansion of technological advancements and innovations throughout its history. Today, over 250 names are associated with oral and dental eponyms. In this paper, we highlight 21 eponyms and 24 names that are specific to the field of orthodontics. Each entry briefly presents the individual's name, educational background, notable contribution, and primary references to the original descriptions. This study aims to commemorate these pioneers-many of whom have been forgotten decades or even centuries after their significant contributions to the field.
PMID: 41926372
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041222
Large-scale exome analyses reveal new rare variant contributions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heritable disorder where rare variants with low-to-moderate penetrance are thought to dominate genetic risk. To identify such rare variants, we harmonized and analyzed exome data from 22 cohorts, totaling 17,919 individuals with ALS and 200,703 controls across discovery and replication phases. Rare variant analyses identified several new risk genes, with replication confirming association of YKT6 and supporting HTR3C, GBGT1 and KNTC1. We also provide strong, independent validation for genes with limited previous evidence: ARPP21, DNAJC7 and CFAP410. Notably, in ARPP21, we identified a new high-effect variant (p.P747L) and confirmed that p.P563L is an ALS-associated variant leading to an aggressive disease course. Beyond new discoveries, our analyses largely recapitulated the known genetic architecture of ALS, identifying risk variants in over 20% of cases and supporting a cumulative oligogenic risk model. These findings highlight new translational targets and show that rare variant analyses capture substantially more genetic risk than common variant genome-wide association studies.
PMCID:13083253
PMID: 41917433
ISSN: 1546-1718
CID: 6041162
Mobile Imaging-Based Machine Learning for Dental Caries, Sealants, and Fluorosis: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Model Development and Validation Study
BACKGROUND:Assessing dental caries, sealants, and fluorosis is essential for public health surveillance, providing critical data to evaluate national prevention programs. Standard methods performed by dental professionals are often limited by affordability, accessibility, and scalability for both population-level and individualized assessments. Mobile health (mHealth) approaches to concurrently detect caries, sealants, and fluorosis have remained largely unexplored, especially at the population level. OBJECTIVE:This study leverages mHealth technologies that integrate computer vision using machine learning and deep learning with images captured by smartphone cameras and low-cost intraoral cameras. The primary objective is to develop and validate models for detecting caries lesions, identifying sealants, and quantifying fluorosis severity from standardized dental images, using standardized visual clinical examinations as the reference standard. METHODS:The proposed study population will include approximately 1000 adolescents in Colorado, United States, living in communities with naturally elevated fluoride levels in the public water system. Participants will undergo standardized clinical dental examinations and imaging using intraoral cameras and smartphones. Supervised learning models will incorporate reference chart-based color correction, radiomic spatial and textural features, and neural network classifiers. The reference standard will be standardized visual clinical examinations performed by trained and calibrated dental professionals. Two models will be developed and evaluated: one to detect caries lesions and sealants and another to assess fluorosis severity. Model performance will be evaluated against clinical assessments by dental professionals using stratified cross-validation and multiclass performance metrics while minimizing bias and accounting for confounders common to human examiners. RESULTS:A standardized dental examination, an intraoral imaging protocol, and a smartphone imaging protocol are used to assess all 8 permanent molars for caries and sealants, as well as the 6 upper anterior teeth for fluorosis severity. Pilot studies were conducted to test study logistics and calibrate 3 examiners in person, supplemented by debriefings, mobile app training, and a web-based calibration module. The study was funded in September 2022 with supplemental funding awarded in June 2024. The study launched in May 2024, and as of January 2026, data have been collected from approximately 300 participants. CONCLUSIONS:The integration of computer vision and mobile device imaging will enable affordable, scalable, population-level assessments for detecting caries and sealants and quantifying fluorosis severity among adolescents. mHealth technologies have been increasingly incorporated into dentistry for both clinical decision support and at-home use. This protocol will further help establish a structured methodological framework for acquiring, processing, and analyzing mobile imaging data for dental health surveillance and epidemiological studies. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)/UNASSIGNED:DERR1-10.2196/91239.
PMCID:13077280
PMID: 41911013
ISSN: 1929-0748
CID: 6041142
Eponyms in Dentistry - Anatomy and Histology [Historical Article]
This article, the second in a series of eight, highlights the lives and original works of 21 scientists whose names are preserved in 20 enduring eponyms still found in dental anatomy and histology textbooks. Though frequently referenced in education, the historical context and the original publications behind these terms are often overlooked. By revisiting their biographies and citing the original sources where each eponym was first described, this work offers a long-overdue acknowledgment of their lasting contributions to dental science.
PMID: 41926369
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041192
Eponyms in Dentistry - Physiology and Pathology [Historical Article]
Do you ever wonder who is behind the names, diseases, structures, procedures, or syndromes often taught in dental or medical school? For instance, the Cusp of Carabelli on a maxillary molar, the Wharton duct of the submandibular gland, or the Eustachian tube that gives the perception of a stuffed ear before landing are three structures named after individuals who first described them centuries ago. This is a long-overdue exploration of 60 names for 53 of the most relevant eponyms, many of whom have likely been forgotten.I.
PMID: 41926368
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041182
Eponyms in Dentistry - Endodontics [Historical Article]
This paper explores the historical evolution of dentistry through the lens of eponyms, focusing particularly on endodontics. From the era of extractions to the introduction of restorations by Pierre Fauchard and the development of prosthodontics and root preservation in the 19th century, dentistry has advanced in parallel with scientific breakthroughs in microbiology and technology. These innovations enabled the understanding and treatment of pulpal disease and the creation of effective root canal techniques. We highlight 31 key eponyms-32 individuals whose contributions to instruments, methods, materials, or classifications shaped modern endodontics and whose legacies remain embedded in practice.
PMID: 41926371
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041212
Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences
The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1-3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts' choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen's d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.
PMID: 41922703
ISSN: 1476-4687
CID: 6041172
