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Eponyms in Dentistry - Restorative Dentistry [Historical Article]
This article, the seventh in an eight-part special issue on dental eponyms, focuses on 18 key eponyms in restorative dentistry contributed by 19 innovative dentists, scientists, and engineers. Eponyms serve as historical reminders of the legacy of individuals whose innovations have shaped clinical practice. In this paper, we explore contributions ranging from the Toffelmire matrix systems to Hollanbeck carvers and Morrison adjustable chairs. This paper underscores the importance of remembering the foundational figures in dentistry. In doing so, it reinforces the value of historical continuity and honors the lasting impact of those who advanced the field of restorative care.
PMID: 41926374
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041242
Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
BACKGROUND:The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023. METHODS:Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population. FINDINGS/RESULTS:We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06-1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5-15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0-121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4-41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127-228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1-2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8-7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8-20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7-3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8-2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15-19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6-3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7-1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9-4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1-2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1-2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI. INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSIONS:A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice. FUNDING/BACKGROUND:Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.
PMID: 42167272
ISSN: 1474-547x
CID: 6041342
Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences
The same dataset can be analysed in different justifiable ways to answer the same research question, potentially challenging the robustness of empirical science1-3. In this crowd initiative, we investigated the degree to which research findings in the social and behavioural sciences are contingent on analysts' choices. We examined a stratified random sample of 100 studies published between 2009 and 2018, in which, for one claim per study, at least five reanalysts independently reanalysed the original data. The statistical appropriateness of the reanalyses was assessed in peer evaluations, and the robustness indicators were inspected along a range of research characteristics and study designs. We found that 34% of the independent reanalyses yielded the same result (within a tolerance region of ±0.05 Cohen's d) as the original report; with a four times broader tolerance region, this indicator increased to 57%. Of the reanalyses conducted, 74% reached the same conclusion as the original investigation, 24% yielded no effects or inconclusive results and 2% reported the opposite effect. This exploratory study indicates that the common single-path analyses in social and behavioural research should not be simply assumed to be robust to alternative analyses4. Therefore, we recommend the development and use of practices to explore and communicate this neglected source of uncertainty.
PMID: 41922703
ISSN: 1476-4687
CID: 6041172
AI Methods for Implementation Science (AIM-IS): developing a framework, toolkit, and reporting standard for the responsible use of AI in implementation practice and research
BACKGROUND:Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning, natural language processing, and large language models, may support implementation practice and research in tasks such as evidence synthesis, determinant assessment, strategy selection, monitoring, adaptation, and theory development. However, these applications of AI do not form a single, uniform category. They span a continuum from practice-facing applications that support local implementation work to research- and methods-facing applications that support evidence generation and synthesis. The guidance on how to classify, evaluate, and report these uses of AI remains limited. The AI Methods for Implementation Science (AIM-IS) program aims to develop, validate, and maintain a suite of products to guide the responsible use of AI across implementation practice, implementation research, and bridging use cases. METHODS:AIM-IS is a multi-phase, multi-method methodological development program. The unit of analysis is the AI-for-implementation use case: a specific AI capability supporting a defined implementation practice or research task within a workflow, decision point, and governance context. Phase 1 is a living scoping review mapping published AI use cases in implementation science, including how they are evaluated and what risks they raise. Phase 2 is a qualitative interview study with implementation researchers, practitioners, AI experts, community members, and data infrastructure and governance experts to refine use cases and identify feasibility constraints, outcome priorities, and reporting needs. Phase 3 will integrate findings from Phases 1 and 2 to develop the draft AIM-IS products, including a framework, a taxonomy of use cases, guardrails for responsible use, a practical guide, outcome domains, and reporting items. Phase 4 will use an eDelphi process and consensus meeting to refine and finalize these products. Phase 5 will conduct usability testing to improve clarity and ease of use, resulting in the finalized AIM-IS products. AIM-IS is informed by implementation science, sociotechnical systems, equity, and responsible AI frameworks, and includes a living-update approach to support ongoing refinement. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:The AIM-IS program will deliver a suite of products, including a framework, toolkit and reporting standard, to support the specification, governance, evaluation, and reporting of AI in implementation science. Together, these products aim to strengthen transparency, comparability, accountability, and attention to equity in how AI is used by implementation practitioners and researchers over time. REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:Open Science Framework, March 15, 2026: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BX35K.
PMCID:13192042
PMID: 41975498
ISSN: 1748-5908
CID: 6041292
Eponyms in Dentistry - Oral Surgery [Historical Article]
The development of oral and maxillofacial surgery advanced rapidly following the introduction of general anesthesia in 1846, evolving from simple tooth extractions to complex procedures involving the jaws and facial skeleton. Initially driven by general surgeons in Europe and later refined by specialists in the U.S. and elsewhere, this progress is reflected in enduring surgical eponyms. This paper highlights 23 pioneers associated with 21 foundational eponyms-procedures, instruments, and classifications-that remain central to oral surgical practice. These eponyms honor the innovators whose work shaped the field and continue to connect modern surgery to its historical roots.
PMID: 41926370
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041202
Mathematical Modeling of Calcium Dynamics in Ameloblasts
A key aspect of biological studies is the reliance on computation, including the use of mathematical models to mimic the behaviour of cellular functions and networks. Quantitative descriptions of biological processes typically rely on physics and chemistry and thus the generated models are mechanistic e.g. they explain behavior. With some exceptions, such models have been lacking in studies of ameloblasts biology and physiology, in part due to the absence of experimental observations. Here we provide a computational model for Ca2+ dynamics in ameloblasts based on recent quantitative data, allowing us to investigate how dynamic forces operate in ameloblasts at the secretory and maturation stages. We simulate the effects of mutations occurring in key Ca2+ handling proteins. Finally, we compare how ameloblasts differ from other non-mineralizing cell systems.
PMID: 42168549
ISSN: 1432-0827
CID: 6041352
Addressing Supply Waste and Environmental Sustainability in the Dental School Environment
PMID: 42170836
ISSN: 1930-7837
CID: 6041362
Genome sequence data of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas inefficax MG-2
We present the findings from the genome sequencing project of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas inefficax MG-2, sourced from rhizospheric soil. The genome spans 5,736,804 base pairs with an average GC content of 62.9%. An incomplete plasmid with a length of 16,324 base pairs and a GC content of 52.6% was also identified.
PMID: 42089623
ISSN: 2576-098x
CID: 6041382
Large-scale exome analyses reveal new rare variant contributions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a heritable disorder where rare variants with low-to-moderate penetrance are thought to dominate genetic risk. To identify such rare variants, we harmonized and analyzed exome data from 22 cohorts, totaling 17,919 individuals with ALS and 200,703 controls across discovery and replication phases. Rare variant analyses identified several new risk genes, with replication confirming association of YKT6 and supporting HTR3C, GBGT1 and KNTC1. We also provide strong, independent validation for genes with limited previous evidence: ARPP21, DNAJC7 and CFAP410. Notably, in ARPP21, we identified a new high-effect variant (p.P747L) and confirmed that p.P563L is an ALS-associated variant leading to an aggressive disease course. Beyond new discoveries, our analyses largely recapitulated the known genetic architecture of ALS, identifying risk variants in over 20% of cases and supporting a cumulative oligogenic risk model. These findings highlight new translational targets and show that rare variant analyses capture substantially more genetic risk than common variant genome-wide association studies.
PMCID:13083253
PMID: 41917433
ISSN: 1546-1718
CID: 6041162
Eponyms in Dentistry - Physiology and Pathology [Historical Article]
Do you ever wonder who is behind the names, diseases, structures, procedures, or syndromes often taught in dental or medical school? For instance, the Cusp of Carabelli on a maxillary molar, the Wharton duct of the submandibular gland, or the Eustachian tube that gives the perception of a stuffed ear before landing are three structures named after individuals who first described them centuries ago. This is a long-overdue exploration of 60 names for 53 of the most relevant eponyms, many of whom have likely been forgotten.I.
PMID: 41926368
ISSN: 1089-6287
CID: 6041182
