Faculty Bibliography

A joint urban planning and public health perspective is articulated here for use, in health impact assessment. Absent a blueprint for a coherent and supportive structure on which to test our thinking, we are bound to fall flat. Such a perspective is made necessary by the sheer number of people living in cities throughout the world, the need for explicit attention to land use and transportation systems as determinants of population health, and the dearth of useful indicators of the built environment for monitoring progress. If explicit attention is not paid to the overarching goals of equality and democracy, they have little if any chance of being realized in projects, programs, and policies that shape the built environment and therefore the public's health.

The authors invoke a population health perspective to assess the distribution of environmental hazards according to race/ethnicity, social class, age, gender, and sexuality and the implications of these hazards for health. The unequal burden of environmental hazards borne by African American, Native American, Latino, and Asian American/Pacific Islander communities and their relationship to well-documented racial/ethnic disparities in health have not been critically examined across all population groups, regions of the United States, and ages. The determinants of existing environmental inequities also require critical research attention. To ensure inclusiveness and fill important gaps, scientific evidence is needed on the health effects of the built environment as well as the natural environment, cities and suburbs as well as rural areas, and indoor as well as outdoor pollutants.

Placement of endosseous implants and inferior alveolar nerve transposition is a treatment option for patients with an edentulous posterior mandible with inadequate bone height superior to the inferior alveolar canal. Complications associated with these procedures include infection, prolonged neurosensory disturbances, and/or pathologic fracture. This report presents the surgical management of a patient with a mandible fracture after inferior alveolar nerve transposition with concurrent placement of two endosseous implants.

Aging in the upper third of the face manifests as rhytids and ptosis of the frontal, glabellar, and brow regions. Frown lines may occur even in younger individuals as a result of habitual or dynamic forehead muscular hyperactivity. Multiple treatment options have been advocated to address forehead rhytids and brow ptosis. This article reviews 3 of the more commonly used treatment options: collagen, botulinum toxin, and surgical forehead lifting. Additionally, an algorithm is proposed as a guideline for selecting the most appropriate option for a given condition.

Immature HIV-1 virions have spherical cores which become conical due to cleavage of the capsid domain of Gag. Here, we have used an immature form of capsid and show by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and single angle light scattering that it aggregates to spherical cores resembling immature virions at high ionic strengths and at pH values above 6. Dynamic angle light scattering of the dissociated protein shows structural changes that promote oligomerization above pH 6. We then examined the role of the required host protein cyclophilin A on assembly. Cyclophilin A is incorporated into virions at a 1:10 cyclophilin A/capsid ratio. We find that although cyclophilin A does not affect the oligomerization rate or stability of immature capsid cores, it does bind strongly to immature capsid at physiological stoichiometry above pH 6. This association serves as an entry route of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions.

Objective: The goal of the consolidation phase of mandible distraction is to maintain the improvement in maxillomandibular form and relationship while the generated tissue ossifies. During this period, external deforming forces can act on the healing generated bone. The purpose of this study was to describe the potential cephalometric changes that occur following pediatric bilateral mandibular distraction using external devices. Design: Retrospective lateral superimposition cephalometric analyses. Participants: Thirty-five cases of pediatric mandible distraction were reviewed. Seven of these cases were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. These cases represented a group with severe congenital dysmorphology and a mean device activation of 26.5 mm. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in pogonion position, symphyseal plane rotation, mandible length, and mandible length relative to maxillary length during the 18 to 36 days of activation, the eight weeks of consolidation, and the 1-year period following removal of the distraction device were measured. Results: All patients demonstrated variable changes in position of the mandible during the consolidation phase. The most common were retrusion of pogonion, a decrease in mandible length, and a clockwise rotation of the symphyseal plane. In some cases the changes that occurred during consolidation were greater than those that occurred on 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: The consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis is a dynamic phase and should not be assumed to be static. Multicenter use of this cephalometric technique would help to identify potential risk factors associated with postactivation changes

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between aneurysm size and the volume of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients who presented with acute SAH, which was diagnosed on the basis of a computerized tomography (CT) scan within 24 hours postictus and, subsequently, confirmed to be aneurysmal in origin by catheter angiography, were included in this study. The data were collected prospectively in 32 patients and retrospectively in 68. The volume of SAH on the admission CT scan was scored in a semiquantitative manner from 0 to 30, according to a previously published method. The mean aneurysm size was 8.3 mm (range 1-25 mm). The mean SAH volume score was 15 (range 0-30). Regression analysis revealed that a smaller aneurysm size correlated with a more extensive SAH (r(2) = 0.23, p < 0.0001). Other variables including patient sex and age, intraparenchymal or intraventricular hemorrhage, multiple aneurysms, history of hypertension, and aneurysm location were not statistically associated with a larger volume of SAH. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller cerebral aneurysm size is associated with a larger volume of SAH. The pathophysiological basis for this correlation remains speculative