Faculty Bibliography

Background: The AGS Choosing Wisely Workgroup recommends incorporating life expectancy in cancer screening decisions. Previous studies indicate that non-geriatricians consider prognosis important to their clinical decisions, but often do not use prognostic tools. Moreover, they rarely discuss prognosis with patients. Little is known about how geriatricians include life expectancy in cancer screening decisions or whether prognosis is discussed. Methods: We surveyed attending geriatricians and fellows who care for community-dwelling older adults in academic clinics in New York City. We inquired whether these physicians incorporate prognosis in cancer screening decisions and discuss prognosis with patients, and how they estimate prognosis; we measured their confidence in estimating and discussing prognosis (5 point Likert scale: 0="not confident at all" to 4="extremely confident"). We also examined barriers to use of 2 common prognostic tools (ePrognosis and Gait speed) and having these discussions. Results: Twelve attendings and six fellows completed surveys (72% response rate). All respondents incorporated prognosis in cancer screening decisions and discussed prognosis with patients. Respondents estimated prognosis based on clinical impression (n=16), life table (n=5), ePrognosis (n=6) and gait speed (n=2). Confidence in estimating and discussing prognosis with patients was neutral (median for both: 2; range 1-3). Attending physicians were more confident in 1) estimating and 2) discussing prognosis with patients than were fellows (median: 2 versus 1, p=0.001; median: 3 versus 1.5, p=0.01, respectively). "Lack of time" was the most frequently reported barrier to prognostic tool use and prognosis discussions with patients followed by "unfamiliarity", "lack of resources" and "uncertainty about prognosis estimates", respectively (see table). Conclusions: Geriatricians identify considerable barriers to discussing prognosis when making cancer-screening decisions. Addressing these barriers may improve confidence in estimating and discussing prognosis. (Table Presented)

Introduction Supporting patients' decision making about clinical trials may enhance trial participation. To date, few theory-based interventions have been tested to address this issue. Objectives In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a multimedia psychoeducation (MP) intervention, relative to print education (PE), on patients' decision support needs and attitudes about clinical trials. Methods Patients with cancer who were eligible for participation in an National Cancer Institute (NCI) therapeutic cancer clinical trial were recruited through the nationwide University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) NCI Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) from 2014- 2016 and randomized to the MP or PE intervention. Assessments at baseline (before intervention), post-intervention, and at a two-month follow- up included patients' decision support needs, attitudes regarding clinical trials, and clinical trial participation. Results We recruited 418 cancer patients (ages 26-89, various cancer types). Relative to the PE condition, the MP condition did not significantly affect decision support needs. However, patients in the MP condition reported significantly more positive attitudes about clinical trials and were more likely to participate in a clinical trial than those in the PE condition (69% vs. 62%, p=0.01). Furthermore, improvement in attitudes about clinical trials significantly mediated the effect of the intervention on participation in clinical trials. Conclusions The MP intervention was able to improve patient attitudes toward clinical trials when compared with PE, and this improvement led to increased rates of participation in trials. The MP intervention could be disseminated to improve attitudes about clinical trials among cancer patients

Introduction/UNASSIGNED:Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome expressed soon after World Trade Center (WTC) exposure predict development of WTC Lung Injury (WTC-LI). The metabolome remains an untapped resource with potential to comprehensively characterise many aspects of WTC-LI. This case-control study identified a clinically relevant, robust subset of metabolic contributors of WTC-LI through comprehensive high-dimensional metabolic profiling and integration of machine learning techniques. Methods/UNASSIGNED:Never-smoking, male, WTC-exposed firefighters with normal pre-9/11 lung function were segregated by post-9/11 lung function. Cases of WTC-LI (forced expiratory volume in 1s <lower limit of normal, n=15) and controls (n=15) were identified from previous cohorts. The metabolome of serum drawn within 6 months of 9/11 was quantified. Machine learning was used for dimension reduction to identify metabolites associated with WTC-LI. Results/UNASSIGNED:580 metabolites qualified for random forests (RF) analysis to identify a refined metabolite profile that yielded maximal class separation. RF of the refined profile correctly classified subjects with a 93.3% estimated success rate. 5 clusters of metabolites emerged within the refined profile. Prominent subpathways include known mediators of lung disease such as sphingolipids (elevated in cases of WTC-LI), and branched-chain amino acids (reduced in cases of WTC-LI). Principal component analysis of the refined profile explained 68.3% of variance in five components, demonstrating class separation. Conclusion/UNASSIGNED:Analysis of the metabolome of WTC-exposed 9/11 rescue workers has identified biologically plausible pathways associated with loss of lung function. Since metabolites are proximal markers of disease processes, metabolites could capture the complexity of past exposures and better inform treatment. These pathways warrant further mechanistic research.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Adolescent pregnancy is a highly prevalent and significant public health problem in Kenya, and mental health needs of pregnant adolescent girls have been overlooked. Nearly, 50% of the world's population comprises children and adolescents and 85% live in lower and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE:Pregnant adolescents were interviewed to ascertain certain social determinants of mental health such as social support, partner or parent support, and demographic profile and assessed for depression using EPDS and for severity of depression using BDI, and their alcohol abuse assessed using AUDIT. METHODS:A cross-sectional descriptive study using a purposive sample of 212 pregnant adolescents visiting Kangemi Health Centre in Nairobi was conducted. RESULTS:= 0.011). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:Alcohol abuse during pregnancy presents a significant public health burden and the associated health risks for the adolescent mother and her baby are enormous. We need to bolster screening for the comorbid disorders such as depression and substance use disorders, particularly alcohol in order to address mental health and psychosocial functioning of adolescents. The underlying adversities and sociocultural challenges need to be better understood and mechanisms that lead to comorbidities require further research. Depression interventions for Kenyan adolescents would need to embed screening, treatment and management of substance abuse.

Changes in select adipose tissue volumes may differentially impact bone mineral density. This study was performed to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between computed tomography-determined visceral (VAT), subcutaneous (SAT), inter-muscular (IMAT), and pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) volumes with respective changes in thoracic vertebral and lumbar vertebral volumetric trabecular bone mineral density (vBMD) in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Generalized linear models were fitted to test relationships between baseline and change in adipose volumes with change in vBMD in 300 African American-Diabetes Heart Study participants; adjustment was performed for age, sex, diabetes duration, study interval, smoking, hypertension, BMI, kidney function, and medications. Participants were 50% female with mean ± SD age 55.1±9.0 years, diabetes duration 10.2±7.2 years, and BMI 34.7±7.7 kg/m2. Over 5.3 ± 1.4 years, mean vBMD decreased in thoracic/lumbar spine, while mean adipose tissue volumes increased in SAT, IMAT, and PAT, but not VAT depots. In fully-adjusted models, changes in lumbar and thoracic vBMD were positively associated with change in SAT (β[SE] 0.045[0.011], p<0.0001; 0.40[0.013], p = 0.002, respectively). Change in thoracic vBMD was positively associated with change in IMAT (p = 0.029) and VAT (p = 0.016); and change in lumbar vBMD positively associated with baseline IMAT (p<0.0001). In contrast, vBMD was not associated with change in PAT. After adjusting for BMI, baseline and change in volumes of select adipose depots were associated with increases in thoracic and lumbar trabecular vBMD in African Americans. Effects of adiposity on trabecular bone appear to be site-specific and related to factors beyond mechanical load.

Alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA], 'Molly') are among the most prevalent substances used by young adults; however, few studies have focused on the specific sexual effects associated with use. Examining subjective sexual effects (e.g. increased libido) associated with use can inform prevention efforts. Data were analysed from 679 nightclub and dance festival attendees in New York City (ages 18-25) to examine and compare self-reported sexual effects associated with use of alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy. Results suggest that compared to marijuana, alcohol and ecstasy were more strongly associated with heightened perceived sexual effects (i.e. perceived sexual attractiveness of self and others, sexual desire, length of intercourse, and sexual outgoingness). Increased body and sex organ sensitivity and increased sexual intensity were most commonly associated with ecstasy use. Sexual dysfunction was most common while using alcohol or ecstasy, especially among males, and females were more likely to report sexual dysfunction after using marijuana. Post-sex regret was most common with alcohol use. Alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy each have different sexual effects; therefore, each is associated with different risks and benefits for users. Findings can inform prevention and harm reduction as young adults are prone to use these substances.

BACKGROUND:Well-being is a positively-framed, holistic assessment of health and quality of life that is associated with longevity and better health outcomes. We aimed to identify county attributes that are independently associated with a comprehensive, multi-dimensional assessment of individual well-being. METHODS:We performed a cross-sectional study examining associations between 77 pre-specified county attributes and a multi-dimensional assessment of individual US residents' well-being, captured by the Gallup-Sharecare Well-Being Index. Our cohort included 338,846 survey participants, randomly sampled from 3,118 US counties or county equivalents. FINDINGS:We identified twelve county-level factors that were independently associated with individual well-being scores. Together, these twelve factors explained 91% of the variance in individual well-being scores, and they represent four conceptually distinct categories: demographic (% black); social and economic (child poverty, education level [<high school, high school diploma/equivalent, college degree], household income, % divorced); clinical care (% eligible women obtaining mammography, preventable hospital stays per 100,000, number of federally qualified health centers); and physical environment (% commuting by bicycle and by public transit). CONCLUSIONS:Twelve factors across social and economic, clinical care, and physical environmental county-level factors explained the majority of variation in resident well-being.