Faculty Bibliography

Facial paralysis can lead to detrimental effects on patient quality of life and impair social engagement. Accordingly, it is vital that acute injuries be triaged and managed appropriately to ensure optimal functional outcome for the patent. Here we will discuss the potential etiologies of acute facial nerve injury, particularly those that are amenable to primary repair or reconstruction with cable grafting. We will highlight options for management, the associated operative technique, and the expected recovery of function in an evidence-based fashion.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:The goals of this study were to 1) compare global protein expression in muscles of the larynx and hindlimb and 2) investigate differences in protein expression between aged and nonaged muscle using label-free global proteomic profiling methods. METHODS:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was performed on thyroarytenoid intrinsic laryngeal muscle and plantaris hindlimb muscle from 10 F344xBN F1 male rats (5 old and 5 young). Protein expression was compared and pathway enrichment analysis performed for each muscle type (larynx and limb) and age group (old and young muscle). RESULTS:Over 1,000 proteins were identified in common across both muscle types and age groups using LC-MS/MS analysis. Significant age-related differences were seen across 107 proteins in plantaris hindlimb and in 19 proteins in thyroarytenoid laryngeal muscle. Bioinformatic and enrichment analysis demonstrated protein differences between the hindlimb and larynx may relate to immune and stress redox responses and RNA repair. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:There are clear differences in protein expressions between the laryngeal and hindlimb skeletal muscles. Initial analysis suggests differences between the two muscle groups may relate to stress responses and repair mechanisms. Age-related changes in the thyroarytenoid appear to be less obvious than in the plantaris. Further in-depth study is needed to elucidate how aging affects protein expression in the laryngeal muscles. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:NA Laryngoscope, 2021.

Importance: Although nasal bones are the most common type of facial fracture given their natural projection and vulnerability to trauma, there is a paucity of data on its trends. Objective: To report on the trends and costs associated with open and closed nasal bone fractures across the United States. Methods: A retrospective analysis from 2006 to 2014 was conducted of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample by using the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes for closed and open nasal bone fractures (802.0 and 802.1) presenting to emergency departments (ED). Trend analysis of total number and rate of visits, discharges, admissions, and associated costs were conducted. Results: Data from 1,253,399.741 records were collected. The total number of ED visits decreased by 2.05% for both open and closed nasal fractures from 2006 to 2014 whereas their associated costs increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 for closed and open nasal fractures). Notably, open fractures were consistently costlier whereas closed fractures had a greater percent-increase in costs (76.65%). Conclusions and Relevance: This study identified a significant rise in nasal fracture costs, which can be reduced via use of cheaper diagnostic modalities and cost-effective endoscopic procedures.

BACKGROUND:Nephrolithiasis is a sequela of primary hyperparathyroidism and an indication for parathyroidectomy. The prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with nephrolithiasis is 3% to 5%; however, recent studies suggest that many hypercalcemic patients with nephrolithiasis never undergo workup for primary hyperparathyroidism. Our goal is to evaluate primary hyperparathyroidism screening rates at a tertiary academic health institution and identify opportunities to increase referral rates in patients presenting with nephrolithiasis. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 15,725 patients across an academic health system who presented with nephrolithiasis between 2012 and 2020. Calcium levels measured within 6 months of presentation were identified, and those with hypercalcemia (≥10.3 mg/dL) were reviewed if parathyroid hormone levels were measured. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated to see if they were referred to a specialist for treatment. RESULTS:Of 15,725 patients presenting with nephrolithiasis, 12,420 (79%) had calcium levels measured; 630 patients (4.0%) were hypercalcemic, and 207 (33%) had parathyroid hormone levels measured. Patients were more likely to have parathyroid hormone levels sent if they were older, had higher calcium levels, or presented to an outpatient clinic (P = .028, P = .002, P < .001). We identified 89 patients (0.6%) with primary hyperparathyroidism, of which only 35 (39%) were referred for treatment. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The proportion of patients presenting with nephrolithiasis ultimately diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism was significantly lower than others have reported. Additionally, a substantial number of patients with nephrolithiasis did not have calcium and/or parathyroid hormone levels measured. These missed opportunities for diagnosis are critical as early definitive management of primary hyperparathyroidism can prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis and other primary hyperparathyroidism-related end organ effects.

OBJECTIVE:Perfusion imaging identifies anterior circulation stroke patients who respond favorably to endovascular thrombectomy (ET), but its role in basilar occlusion (BAO) is unknown. We hypothesized that BAO patients with limited regions of severe hypoperfusion (Time-to-maximum [Tmax] delay >10 seconds) would have a favorable response to ET compared to patients with more extensive regions involved. METHODS:We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of BAO patients with perfusion imaging prior to ET. We pre-specified a Critical Area Perfusion Score (CAPS; 0-6 points), which quantified severe hypoperfusion (Tmax >10s) in cerebellum (1 point/hemisphere), pons (2 points), midbrain and/or thalamus (2 points). Patients were dichotomized into favorable (CAPS≤3) and unfavorable (CAPS>3) groups. The primary outcome was a favorable functional outcome 90-days after ET (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 0-3). RESULTS:103 patients were included. CAPS≤3 patients (87%) had a lower median NIHSS (12.5 [IQR 7-22]) compared to CAPS>3 patients (13%) (23 [IQR 19-36]; p=0.01). Reperfusion was achieved in 84% of all patients with no difference between CAPS groups (p=0.42). 64% of reperfused CAPS≤3 patients had a favorable outcome compared to 8% of non-reperfused CAPS≤3 patients (OR=21.0 [95% CI 2.6-170]; p<0.001). No CAPS>3 patients had a favorable outcome, regardless of reperfusion. In a multivariable regression analysis, CAPS≤3 was a robust independent predictor of favorable outcome after adjustment for reperfusion, age, and pre-ET NIHSS (OR 39.25 [95% CI 1.34->999)]; p=0.04). INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSIONS:BAO patients with limited regions of severe hypoperfusion had a favorable response to reperfusion following ET. However, patients with more extensive regions of hypoperfusion in critical brain regions did not benefit from endovascular reperfusion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE:Despite the increase of women in surgical fields and resources toward advancing women, there is no corresponding increased representation of women in higher academic ranks and leadership. The following hypotheses are explored: 1) men and women build/maintain different relationship networks and 2) women are not similarly included within the organization and do not receive the same sponsorship as male counterparts. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Prospective observational study. METHODS:Three months of prospective, passive organizational network data of full-time faculty at an academic medical center were collected by analysis of deidentified internal email communication logs. Data were analyzed and strength of network relationships was assessed using algorithms measuring the tie, or connection, score. Data analysis was performed with standard statistical methods and multivariable regression models, comparing network relationships based on gender and academic rank. RESULTS:Among 345 full-time faculties from surgical departments, 45.2% were female Assistant Professors, but only 9.8% were female full Professors. Men had 55% more network relationships with other men than women had with men. Gender homophily was particularly pronounced at the higher academic ranks. Men compared to women in higher ranks had 157% more network relationships to other men in lower ranks. Multivariable regression models suggested direct association of these gender differences in relationships with more women in lower academic ranks. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Higher academic rank can be predicted by male gender, tenure, and number of meaningful relationships. Women are underrepresented at the leadership level in surgical departments. Gender homophily is present in collaboration networks among academic surgeons and is associated with impeded female career advancement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:2 Laryngoscope, 2021.

BACKGROUND:Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is the most prevalent need among breast cancer survivors. Age is the most consistent predictor of higher FCR, with prevalence rates as high as 70% among young adults. Although the association between age and higher FCR is well established, a more comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to higher FCR among young adult breast cancer survivors is needed. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this integrative review was to explore the factors associated with higher FCR among young adult breast cancer survivors (≤ 45 years old). METHODS:A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases with specific Medical Subject Headings terms delimited to FCR, diagnosis, sex, and age range. The initial search yielded 378 studies, 13 of which met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS:Themes include motherhood status, health behaviors and decision making (eg, surveillance behaviors and surgical decision making), psychological morbidity, and social support. Cognitive behavioral factors include cognitive processing, metacognition, illness intrusiveness, and self-efficacy. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Fear of cancer recurrence among young adult breast cancer survivors is a unique construct requiring further exploration and tailored interventions to improve the health-related quality of life for this population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE/CONCLUSIONS:Oncology nurses should screen all cancer survivors for FCR, with particular attention to the unique needs of young adults. Future research should address the role of age-appropriate support and increased levels of FCR during surveillance periods.

Systemic bleomycin therapy is associated with pulmonary fibrosis and cutaneous side effects. While it is believed that there is little to no systemic distribution of bleomycin when utilized to treat vascular malformations (VMs), we present a case series in which cutaneous, adhesive-related hyperpigmentation suggests that there is systemic egress of bleomycin following direct puncture sclerotherapy (DPS). This risk of hyperpigmentation after intralesional bleomycin should be discussed with patients, and steps to minimize the chances of it occurring should be implemented.

BACKGROUND:-CLO) for the treatment of OLP. METHODS:-CLO) in OLP across Europe, Canada, and the United States. Patients were randomized to placebo (nonmedicated), 1, 5, 20 µg Clobetasol/patch, twice daily, for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in total ulcer area compared to baseline. Secondary endpoints included improvement from baseline in pain, disease activity, and quality of life. RESULTS:-CLO patches demonstrated significant improvement with ulcer area (p = 0.047), symptom severity (p = 0.001), disease activity (p = 0.022), pain (p = 0.012), and quality of life (p = 0.003) as compared with placebo. Improvement in OLP symptoms from beginning to the end of the study was reported as very much better (best rating) in the 20-µg group (25/32) patients compared to the placebo group (11/30), (p = 0.012). Adverse events were mild/moderate. Candidiasis incidence was low (2%). CONCLUSIONS:-CLO patches were superior to placebo demonstrating statistically significant, clinically relevant efficacy in objective and subjective improvement and, with a favorable safety profile.