Faculty Bibliography
Searched for:
school:SOM
Department/Unit:Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Total Results:
11288
A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). To identify common risk variation, the Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium genotyped 1558 rigorously defined ASD families for 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed these SNP genotypes for association with ASD. In one of four primary association analyses, the association signal for marker rs4141463, located within MACROD2, crossed the genome-wide association significance threshold of P < 5 x 10(-8). When a smaller replication sample was analyzed, the risk allele at rs4141463 was again over-transmitted; yet, consistent with the winner's curse, its effect size in the replication sample was much smaller; and, for the combined samples, the association signal barely fell below the P < 5 x 10(-8) threshold. Exploratory analyses of phenotypic subtypes yielded no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. They did, however, yield strong signals within several genes, KIAA0564, PLD5, POU6F2, ST8SIA2 and TAF1C
PMCID:2947401
PMID: 20663923
ISSN: 1460-2083
CID: 133806
Functional anatomy of predictive vergence and saccade eye movements in humans: a functional MRI investigation
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional neural anatomy that generates vergence eye movement responses from predictive versus random symmetrical vergence step stimuli in humans and compare it to a similar saccadic task via the blood oxygenation level dependent signal from functional MRI. METHODS: Eight healthy subjects participated in fMRI scans obtained from a 3T Siemens Allegra scanner. Subjects tracked random and predictable vergent steps and then tracked random and predictable saccadic steps each within a block design. A general linear model (GLM) was used to determine significantly (p < 0.001) active regions of interest through a combination of correlation threshold and cluster extent. A paired t-test of the GLM beta weight coefficients was computed to determine significant spatial differences between the saccade and vergence data sets. RESULTS: Predictive saccadic and vergent eye movements induced many common sites of significant functional cortical activity including: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), parietal eye field (PEF), cuneus, precuneus, anterior and posterior cingulate, and the cerebellum. However, differentiation in spatial location was observed within the frontal lobe for the functional activity of the saccadic and vergent network induced while studying prediction. A paired t-test of the beta weights from the individual subjects showed that peak activity induced by predictive versus random vergent eye movements was significantly (t > 2.7, p < 0.03) more anterior within the frontal eye field (FEF) and the supplementary eye field (SEF) when compared to the functional activity from predictive saccadic eye movements. CONCLUSION: This research furthers our knowledge of which cortical sites facilitate a subject's ability to predict within the vergence and saccade networks. Using a predictive versus random visual task, saccadic and vergent eye movements induced activation in many shared cortical sites and also stimulated differentiation in the FEF and SEF.
PMID: 20728462
ISSN: 0042-6989
CID: 979762
American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics. 2010:153B(7):1329-35.DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31116
Older paternal age strongly increases the morbidity for schizophrenia in sisters of affected females
The effect of a family history of schizophrenia on the risk for this disorder in the offspring has rarely been examined in a prospective population cohort accounting for the sex of the proband and the first-degree relatives, and certainly not with respect to later paternal age. The influence of affected relatives on offspring risk of schizophrenia was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression in models that accounted for sex, relation of affected first degree relatives and paternal age in the prospective population-based cohort of the Jerusalem Perinatal Schizophrenia Study. Of all first-degree relatives, an affected mother conferred the highest risk to male and female offspring among the cases with paternal age <35 years, however, female offspring of fathers >/=35 years with an affected sister had the highest risk (RR = 8.8; 95% CI = 3.9-19.8). The risk seen between sisters of older fathers was fourfold greater than the risk to sisters of affected females of younger fathers (RR = 2.2, 95% CI 0.7-6.7). The test for interaction was significant (P = 0.03). By contrast, the risk of schizophrenia to brothers of affected males was only doubled between older (RR = 3.3, 95% 1.6-6.6) and younger fathers (RR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.7-3.5). The most striking finding from this study was the very large increase in risk of schizophrenia to sisters of affected females born to older fathers. The authors speculate that the hypothesized paternally expressed genes on the X chromosome might play some role in these observations
PMID: 20718003
ISSN: 1552-485x
CID: 133892
Impact of Empowerment Training on the Professional Work of Family Peer Advocates
A pilot study using a prospective design examined the impact of a collaboratively developed training model, called the Parent Empowerment Program (PEP), for professionally-employed family peer advocates who work with caregivers of children with mental health needs. This training used a combination of didactic, practice exercises, and group discussion. It targeted specific mental health knowledge content and collaborative skills to facilitate the work of family peer advocates in empowering caregivers. Co-delivered by a family peer advocate and clinician, the training consisted of a 40-hour face-to-face training, followed by six monthly face-to-face booster sessions. A total of 15 advocates participated in assessments conducted at baseline and post-training. This group of experienced family peer advocates showed no significant increase in knowledge about mental health content, but post-training assessments indicated increased collaborative skills and mental health services self-efficacy. This initial evaluation has implications for expanding training and support for the emergent workforce of professionally-employed family peer advocates in children's mental health.
PMCID:2976547
PMID: 21076659
ISSN: 0190-7409
CID: 167897
Relations between early family risk, children's behavioral regulation, and academic achievement
This study examined relations among early family risk, children's behavioral regulation at 54 months and kindergarten, and academic achievement in first grade using data on 1,298 children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Family risk was indexed by ethnic minority status, low maternal education, low average family income from 1 - 54 months, and high maternal depressive symptoms from 1 - 54 months. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that minority status, low maternal education, and low family income had significant negative effects on reading, math, and vocabulary achievement in first grade. Modest indirect effects were also found from ethnicity, maternal education, and maternal depressive symptoms, through 54-month and kindergarten behavioral regulation to first-grade achievement. Discussion focuses on the importance of behavioral regulation for school success especially for children facing early risk
PMCID:2953426
PMID: 20953343
ISSN: 0885-2006
CID: 143269
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2010:49(10):977-9.DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.011
Catecholamine modulators: lessons from nonhuman primates [Editorial]
PMID: 20855042
ISSN: 1527-5418
CID: 112557
Antagonism of lateral amygdala alpha1-adrenergic receptors facilitates fear conditioning and long-term potentiation
Norepinephrine receptors have been studied in emotion, memory, and attention. However, the role of alpha1-adrenergic receptors in fear conditioning, a major model of emotional learning, is poorly understood. We examined the effect of terazosin, an alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, on cued fear conditioning. Systemic or intra-lateral amygdala terazosin delivered before conditioning enhanced short- and long-term memory. Terazosin delivered after conditioning did not affect consolidation. In vitro, terazosin impaired lateral amygdala inhibitory postsynaptic currents leading to facilitation of excitatory postsynaptic currents and long-term potentiation. Since alpha1 blockers are prescribed for hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder, these results may have important clinical implications
PMCID:2948893
PMID: 20870745
ISSN: 1549-5485
CID: 135005
Aligning Research and Policy on Social-Emotional and Academic Competence for Young Children
RESEARCH FINDINGS: The purpose of this article is to describe current education policies as they relate to the promotion of social, emotional, and academic (SEA) development and competence for young children. Academic and social-emotional competencies are described and conceptualized as developmentally linked, reciprocal processes that should be supported by education in an integrated, holistic manner. PRACTICE OR POLICY: The article reviews major public policies and national initiatives that have implications for the education of young children (e.g., Head Start, No Child Left Behind, IDEA) and highlights opportunities within these policies to promote programs that can support SEA competencies, as well as the limitations of these policies. The article also includes a review of the limitations of existing resources available to educators to identify evidence-based programs that support SEA competencies and concludes with recommendations for better alignment between research and policy to support SEA competencies.
PMCID:4306577
PMID: 25632216
ISSN: 1040-9289
CID: 1456262
First graders' literacy and self-regulation gains: The effect of individualizing student instruction
We examined the effect of individualizing student instruction (ISI; N=445 students, 46 classrooms) on first graders' self-regulation gains compared to a business-as-usual control group. Self-regulation, conceptualized as a constellation of executive skills, was positively associated with academic development. We hypothesized that the ISI intervention's emphasis on teacher planning and organization, classroom management, and the opportunity for students to work independently and in small groups would promote students' self-regulation. We found no main effect of ISI on self-regulation gains. However, for students with weaker initial self-regulation, ISI was associated with greater self-regulation gains compared to peers in control classrooms. The ISI effect on self-regulation was greater when the intervention was more fully implemented
PMCID:2976978
PMID: 20728691
ISSN: 1873-3506
CID: 143266
Using social information to guide action: infants' locomotion over slippery slopes
In uncertain situations such as descending challenging slopes, social signals from caregivers can provide infants with important information for guiding action. Previous work showed that 18-month-old walking infants use social information selectively, only when risk of falling is uncertain. Experiment 1 was designed to alter infants' region of uncertainty for walking down slopes. Slippery Teflon-soled shoes drastically impaired 18-month-olds' ability to walk down slopes compared with walking barefoot or in standard crepe-soled shoes, shifting the region of uncertainty to a shallower range of slopes. In Experiment 2, infants wore Teflon-soled shoes while walking down slopes as their mothers encouraged and discouraged them from walking. Infants relied on social information on shallow slopes, even at 0 degrees , where the probability of walking successfully was uncertain in the Teflon-soled shoes. Findings indicate that infants' use of social information is dynamically attuned to situational factors and the state of their current abilities.
PMCID:2963195
PMID: 20875725
ISSN: 1879-2782
CID: 1651802
