Faculty Bibliography

The brain is a remarkably complex anatomical structure that contains a diverse array of subdivisions, cell types, and synaptic connections. It is equally extraordinary in its physiological properties, as it constantly evaluates and integrates external stimuli as well as controls a complicated internal environment. The brain can be divided into three primary broad regions: the forebrain, midbrain (Mb), and hindbrain (Hb), each of which contain further subdivisions. The regions considered in this chapter are the Mb and most-anterior Hb (Mb/aHb), which are derived from the mesencephalon (mes) and rhombomere 1 (r1), respectively. The dorsal Mb consists of the laminated superior colliculus and the globular inferior colliculus (Fig. 1A and B), which modulate visual and auditory stimuli, respectively. The dorsal component of the aHb is the highly foliated cerebellum (Cb), which is primarily attributed to controlling motor skills (Fig. 1A and B). In contrast, the ventral Mb/aHb (Fig. 1B) consists of distinct clusters of neurons that together comprise a network of nuclei and projections-notably, the Mb dopaminergic and Hb serotonergic and Mb/aHb cholinergic neurons (Fig. 1G and H), which modulate a collection of behaviors, including movement, arousal, feeding, wakefulness, and emotion. Historically, the dorsal Mb and Cb have been studied using the chick as a model system because of the ease of performing both cell labeling and tissue transplants in the embryo in ovo; currently DNA electroporation techniques are also used. More recently the mouse has emerged as a powerful genetic system with numerous advantages to study events underpinning Mb/aHb development. There is a diverse array of spontaneous mutants with both Mb- and Cb-related phenotypes. In addition, numerous gene functions have been enumerated in mouse, gene expression is similar across vertebrates, and powerful genetic tools have been developed. Finally, additional insight into Mb/aHb function has been gained from studies of genetic diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, cancer, and Dandy Walker syndrome, that afflict the Mb/aHb in humans and have genetic counterparts in mouse. Accordingly, this chapter discusses a spectrum of experiments, including classic embryology, in vitro assays, sophisticated genetic methods, and human diseases. We begin with an overview of Mb and aHb anatomy and physiology and mes/r1 gene expression patterns. We then provide a summary of fate-mapping studies that collectively demonstrate the complex cell behaviors that occur while the Mb and aHb primordia are established during embryogenesis and discuss the integration of both anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning. Finally, we describe some aspects of postnatal development and some of the insights gained from human diseases

Syndecans are single-pass integral membrane components that serve as co-receptors for growth factors and cytokines and can elicit signal transduction via their cytoplasmic tails. We review here previous studies from our groups on syndecan-3 biology and function in the growth plates of developing long bones in chick and mouse embryos. Gain- and loss-of-function data indicate that syndecan-3 has important roles in restricting mitotic activity to the proliferative zone of growth plate and may do so in close cooperation and interaction with the signaling molecule Indian hedgehog (IHH). Biochemical and protein-modeling data suggest a dimeric/oligomeric syndecan-3 configuration on the chondrocyte's cell surface. Analyses of embryos misexpressing syndecan-3 or lacking IHH provide further clues on syndecan-3/IHH interdependence and interrelationships. The data and the conclusions reached provide insights into mechanisms fine-tuning chondrocyte proliferation, maturation, and function in the developing and growing skeleton and into how abnormalities in these fundamental mechanisms may subtend human congenital pathologies, including osteochondromas in hereditary multiple exostoses syndrome

In this review I describe the several stages of my research career, all of which were driven by a desire to understand the basic mechanisms responsible for the complex and beautiful organization of the eukaryotic cell. I was originally trained as an electron microscopist in Argentina, and my first major contribution was the introduction of glutaraldehyde as a fixative that preserved the fine structure of cells, which opened the way for cytochemical studies at the EM level. My subsequent work on membrane-bound ribosomes illuminated the process of cotranslational translocation of polypeptides across the ER membrane and led to the formulation, with Gunter Blobel, of the signal hypothesis. My later studies with many talented colleagues contributed to an understanding of ER structure and function and aspects of the mechanisms that generate and maintain the polarity of epithelial cells. For this work my laboratory introduced the now widely adopted Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line, and demonstrated the polarized budding of envelope viruses from those cells, providing a powerful new system that further advanced the field of protein traffic

Azole-resistant Candida can be a confounding factor for clinical management of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, but rapid identification of such resistant organisms can improve patient outcome. New target-based molecular diagnostic strategies have the potential to identify resistant organisms faster than current culture-based assays. It was the objective of this study to determine whether target site mutations and/or drug pump over-expression are suitable surrogate markers of drug resistance that could aid new molecular-based diagnostic assays. A collection of 59 clinical isolates displaying a range of azole susceptibilities were assayed for mutations within the target gene Erg 11 and for over-expression of drug-efflux pumps Cdr 1, Cdr 2, Flu 1, and Mdr 1, as well as drug target gene Erg 11 by quantitative real-time PCR with molecular beacons. A fluconazole-resistant (MIC>or=64 microg/ml) phenotype was closely associated with over-expression of Cdr 1 (p=0.005), Cdr 2 (p=0.01), and Mdr 1 (p=0.03) along with four mutations in Erg 11 (T 229 A, Y 132 F, S 405 F, G 464 S). Changes in expression levels for Erg 11 and Flu 1 were not statistically correlated with resistance (p=0.27 and p=0.86, respectively). Overall, these findings provide a statistical basis to establish Erg 11 mutations and drug pump over-expression as surrogate markers for phenotypic fluconazole resistance.

It is experimentally demonstrated that quantum coherences can be efficiently transferred using adiabatic energy-level crossing. In a cluster of six dipolar-coupled proton spins of benzene, oriented by a liquid-crystalline matrix, a single-quantum coherence between one pair of states has been adiabatically transferred to another pair of states, and the superposition survived even after ten successive energy-level crossings.

It is demonstrated that in a one-dimensional Ising chain with nearest-neighbor interactions, irradiated by a weak resonant transverse field, a stimulated wave of flipped spins can be triggered by a flip of a single spin. This analytically solvable model illustrates mechanisms of quantum amplification and quantum measurement.

Pseudopure "cat" state, a superposition of quantum states with all spins up and all spins down, is experimentally demonstrated for a system of 12 dipolar-coupled nuclear spins of fully C-13-labeled benzene molecule oriented in a liquid-crystalline matrix. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

We propose quantum process tomography (QPT) using an arbitrary number of ancillary qubits as a compromise between the advantages of the original QPT and the QPT using ancilla not smaller than the system. For an n-qubit system with m(< n) qubit ancilla, the number of total qubits and the number of measurements are n + m and 2(2(n-m)), respectively, compared to n and 2(n) in the former QPT and 2n and 1 in the latter QPT. As an example, QPT using a two-qubit operation with one ancillary qubit in nuclear magnetic resonance is studied. The initial states and the pulse sequences to produce them from the thermal equilibrium state are presented.