Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this review is to study the effect of school-based interventions on smoking prevention for girls. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of articles published since 1992 on school-based tobacco-control interventions in controlled trials for smoking prevention among children. We searched the databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Databases, CINAHL, Social Science Abstracts, and PsycInfo. Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion and quality and extracted data. A pooled random-effects estimate was estimated of the overall relative risk. RESULTS: Thirty-seven trials were included, of which 16 trials with 24,210 girls were included in the pooled analysis. The overall pooled effect was a relative risk (RR) of 0.96 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.86-1.08; I (2)=75 %). One study in which a school-based intervention was combined with a mass media intervention showed more promising results compared to only school-based prevention, and four studies with girl-specific interventions, that could not be included in the pooled analysis, reported statistically significant benefits for attitudes and intentions about smoking and quit rates. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that school-based smoking prevention programs have a significant effect on preventing adolescent girls from smoking. Combining school-based programs with mass media interventions, and developing girl-specific interventions, deserve additional study as potentially more effective interventions compared to school-based-only intervention programs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42012002322.

CONTENT: HIV infections continue to rise in a new generation of young gay, bisexual, and other young men who have sex with men (YMSM) despite 3 decades of HIV prevention and recent biomedical technologies to deter infection. OBJECTIVES: To examine the incidence of HIV and the demographic, behavioral, and structural factors associated with incident infections. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred YMSM who were aged 18-19 years at baseline. RESULTS: At baseline, 6 prevalent cases of HIV were detected. Over the course of 36 months and 6 additional waves of data collection, we identified 43 (7.2%) incident cases of HIV. Incident infections were marginally higher among those residing in neighborhoods with higher rates of HIV prevalence. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we detected that hazard ratios (HRs) for time to HIV seroconversion were significantly higher for black YMSM (HR = 7.46) and mixed/other race YMSM (HR = 7.99), and older age at sexual debut with another man was associated with a lower risk of HIV seroconversion (HR = 0.50), whereas low perceived familial socioeconomic status was marginally associated with an increased risk for HIV seroconversion (HR = 2.45). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the disparities for HIV that exist within the population of sexual minority men and suggest that we attend to behavioral, structural, and social conditions to effectively tailor HIV prevention for a new generation of YMSM with keen eyes to the conditions faced by racial and ethnic minority YMSM, which heightened their risk for acquiring HIV.

Visions for the future are a normal developmental process for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with and without cancer, and these visions often include expectations of sexual and romantic relationships. AYA cancer survivors indicate reproductive health is an issue of great importance and more attention is needed in the health care setting throughout the cancer experience, beginning at diagnosis. Various practice guidelines are predominately focused on fertility; are intended to influence survivorship care plans; and do not encompass the broad scope of reproductive health that includes romantic partnering, friendships, body image, sexuality, sexual identity, fertility, contraception, and more. Although interventions to reduce reproductive health-related sequelae from treatment are best approached as an evolving process, practitioners are not certain of the priorities of these various reproductive health content areas. Strategies incongruent with the reproductive health priorities of AYAs will likely thwart adequate follow-up care and foster feelings of isolation from the treatment team. Research is needed to identify these priorities and ensure discussions of diverse content areas. This review explored various domains of reproductive health and emphasized how understanding the priorities of the AYA cancer cohort will guide future models of care.

The "ten ironic rules for statistical reviewers" presented by Friston (2012) prompted a rebuttal by Lindquist et al. (2013), which was followed by a rejoinder by Friston (2013). A key issue left unresolved in this discussion is the use of cross-validation to test the significance of predictive analyses. This note discusses the role that cross-validation-based and related hypothesis tests have come to play in modern data analyses, in neuroimaging and other fields. It is shown that such tests need not be suboptimal and can fill otherwise-unmet inferential needs.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading killer of Americans. CVD is understudied among Latinos, who have high levels of CVD risk factors. This study aimed to determine whether access to health care (ie, insurance status and having a usual source of care) is associated with 4 CVD prevention factors (ie, health care utilization, CVD screening, information received from health care providers, and lifestyle factors) among Latino adults and to evaluate whether the associations depended on CVD clinical risk/disease.Data were collected as part of a community-engaged food environment intervention study in East Los Angeles and Boyle Heights, CA. Logistic regressions were fitted with insurance status and usual source of care as predictors of the 4 CVD prevention factors while controlling for demographics. Analyses were repeated with interactions between self-reported CVD clinical risk/disease and access to care measures.Access to health care significantly increased the odds of CVD prevention. Having a usual source of care was associated with all factors of prevention, whereas being insured was only associated with some factors of prevention. CVD clinical risk/disease did not moderate any associations.Although efforts to reduce CVD risk among Latinos through the Affordable Care Act could be impactful, they might have limited impact in curbing CVD among Latinos, via the law's expansion of insurance coverage. CVD prevention efforts must expand beyond the provision of insurance to effectively lower CVD rates.

Idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis (ON) most commonly presents as acute unilateral vision loss and eye pain and is frequently associated with multiple sclerosis. Although emphasis is often placed on the good recovery of high-contrast visual acuity, persistent deficits are frequently observed in other aspects of vision, including contrast sensitivity, visual field testing, color vision, motion perception, and vision-related quality of life. Persistent and profound structural and functional changes are often revealed by imaging and electrophysiologic techniques, including optical coherence tomography, visual-evoked potentials, and nonconventional MRI. These abnormalities can impair patients' abilities to perform daily activities (e.g., driving, working) so they have important implications for patients' quality of life. In this article, we review the sequelae from ON, including clinical, structural, and functional changes and their interrelationships. The unmet needs in each of these areas are considered and the progress made toward meeting those needs is examined. Finally, we provide an overview of past and present investigational approaches for disease modification in ON.

BACKGROUND:Linkage to the US Renal Data System (USRDS) registry commonly is used to identify end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cases, or kidney failure treated with dialysis or transplantation, but it underestimates the total burden of kidney failure. This study validates a kidney failure definition that includes both kidney failure treated and not treated by dialysis or transplantation. It compares kidney failure risk factors and outcomes using this broader definition with USRDS-identified ESRD risk factors and outcomes. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Diagnostic test study with stratified random sampling of hospitalizations for chart review. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n=11,530; chart review, n=546). INDEX TEST/METHODS:USRDS-identified ESRD; treated or untreated kidney failure defined by USRDS-identified ESRD or International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM) code for hospitalization or death. REFERENCE TEST/METHODS:For ESRD, determination of permanent dialysis therapy or transplantation; for kidney failure, determination of permanent dialysis therapy, transplantation, or estimated glomerular filtration rate < 15 mL/min/1.73 m(2). RESULTS:During 13 years' median follow-up, 508 kidney failure cases were identified, including 173 (34.1%) from the USRDS registry. ESRD and kidney failure incidence were 1.23 and 3.66 cases per 1,000 person-years in the overall population and 1.35 and 6.59 cases per 1,000 person-years among participants older than 70 years, respectively. Other risk-factor associations were similar between ESRD and kidney failure, except diabetes and albuminuria, which were stronger for ESRD. Survivals at 1 and 5 years were 74.0% and 24.0% for ESRD and 59.8% and 31.6% for kidney failure, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 88.0% and 97.3% comparing the kidney failure ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM code algorithm to chart review; for USRDS-identified ESRD, sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 100.0%. LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:Some medical charts were incomplete. CONCLUSIONS:A kidney failure definition including treated and untreated disease identifies more cases than linkage to the USRDS registry alone, particularly among older adults. Future studies might consider reporting both USRDS-identified ESRD and a more inclusive kidney failure definition.

Path analysis was used to investigate the longitudinal associations among parenting and children's executive function and externalizing behavior problems from 36 to 90 months of age in the Family Life Project (N = 1,115), a study of child development in the context of rural poverty. While controlling for stability in the constructs, semistructured observations of parenting prospectively predicted performance on a battery of executive function tasks and primary caregivers' reports of externalizing behavior. Furthermore, the association between early parenting and later externalizing behavior was longitudinally mediated by executive function, providing support for a process model in which sensitive parenting promotes children's self-regulation, which in turn reduces children's externalizing behavior.