Faculty Bibliography

Background/UNASSIGNED:Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic that has become widely used in aesthetic facial plastic surgery, although its efficacy has not been well investigated. Objectives/UNASSIGNED:To evaluate the existing evidence for use of TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery, highlighting routes of administration, dosing, surgical applications, and clinical outcomes. Methods/UNASSIGNED:Systematic review of primary literature evaluating TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery. Results/UNASSIGNED:Eleven studies met inclusion criteria: 8 prospective randomized controlled trials, 2 retrospective case series/cohort studies, and 1 clinical opinion. Six studies evaluated TXA in rhinoplasty, 4 in rhytidectomy, and 1 in blepharoplasty. Significant reductions in intraoperative blood loss were found in 5 rhinoplasty studies. Three rhinoplasty and 2 rhytidectomy studies found significantly reduced postoperative edema and ecchymosis. One rhinoplasty and 1 rhytidectomy study reported reduced operative time and time to achieve hemostasis. One rhytidectomy study reported reduced postoperative drain output and faster time to drain removal. No studies reported an adverse outcome directly related to TXA. Conclusions/UNASSIGNED:Existing literature investigating TXA in aesthetic facial plastic surgery is sparse with varying levels of evidence and heterogeneous data. Literature suggests systemic TXA reduces intraoperative blood loss during rhinoplasty, although the clinical significance of this blood loss reduction is unclear. TXA may also reduce postoperative edema and/or ecchymosis in rhytidectomy and rhinoplasty, although the lack of validated grading scales yields insufficient evidence to support this claim. Topical and subcutaneously injected TXA are emerging administration routes in rhytidectomy, with evidence suggesting TXA mixed with tumescent may reduce postoperative drain output, thereby expediting drain removal. Level of Evidence 2/UNASSIGNED/:

OBJECTIVE:To determine risk factors for readmission, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to a rehabilitation facility in patients with acute mastoiditis. Trends in treatment and complication rates were also examined. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Retrospective cohort study. SETTING/METHODS:Nationwide Readmissions Database (2013, 2014). PATIENTS/METHODS:Pediatric and adult patients in the Nationwide Readmissions Database with a primary diagnosis of acute mastoiditis. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS:Medical treatment, surgical intervention. OUTCOME MEASURES/METHODS:Rates of and risk factors for readmission, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to a rehabilitation facility. Procedure and complication rates were also examined. RESULTS:Four thousand two hundred ninety-five pediatric and adult admissions for acute mastoiditis were analyzed. The overall rates of readmission, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to a rehabilitation facility were 17.0, 10.4, and 10.2%, respectively. Children 4 to 17 years of age had the highest rates of intracranial complications, and children ≤3 years were most likely to undergo operative intervention. Any procedure was performed in 31.2% of cases, and undergoing myringotomy or mastoidectomy was associated with lower rates of readmission but higher rates of prolonged length of stay. Those with intracranial complications and subperiosteal abscesses had the highest surgical intervention rates. CONCLUSIONS:Readmission, prolonged length of stay, and discharge to a rehabilitation facility are common in patients with acute mastoiditis with various sociodemographic and disease-related risk factors. While once a primarily surgical disease, a minority of patients in our cohort underwent procedures. Undergoing a surgical procedure was protective against readmission but a risk factor for prolonged length of stay.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:laser cordectomy with KTP laser ablation for early GSCC, in terms of cure rates and vocal function. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS:cordectomies and most KTP-ablation procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Some KTP cases with residual disease were treated also under local anesthesia. Videostroboscopy measures, voice handicap index (VHI), GRBAS (a hoarseness scale for Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia and Strain) score, and acoustic analyses were performed pre-operatively, 6 months and 3 years after surgery. RESULTS:(50%), P = 0.043. Nevertheless, GRBAS and VHI scores improved comparably in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:cordectomy but may allow for better preservation of vocal fold's architecture and function. Yet, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear, since the subjective measures improved comparably for these two treatment modalities. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Pathogenic variants in COCH, encoding cochlin, cause DFNA9 deafness disorder with characteristic histopathologic findings of cochlin deposits in the inner and middle ears. Here, we present the first case of deafness associated with bilateral external auditory canal (EAC) cochlin deposits, previously unreported evidence suggestive of cochlin-derived amyloid formation, and a novel COCH variant. A 54-year-old woman presented with progressive sensorineural hearing loss and bilateral EAC narrowing by subcutaneous thickening. Excision and histologic evaluation of tissue from both EACs showed paucicellular eosinophilic aggregates containing multiple Congo red-positive foci with yellow and green birefringence under crossed polarization light microscopy. Mass spectrometry performed on both the Congo red-positive and Congo red-negative areas identified cochlin as the most abundant protein, as well as a low abundance of universal amyloid signature peptides only in the Congo red-positive areas. Peptides indicative of a canonical amyloid type were not detected. Electron microscopy showed haphazard, branched microfibrils (3-7 nm in diameter) consistent with cochlin, as well as swirling fibrils (10-24 nm in diameter) reminiscent of amyloid fibrils. Cochlin immunohistochemical staining showed positivity throughout the aggregates. Sequencing of the entire COCH gene coding region from the patient's blood revealed a novel variant resulting in a non-conservative amino acid substitution of isoleucine to phenylalanine (c.1621A>T, p.I541F) in the vWFA2 domain at the protein's C-terminus. Our findings reveal a new pathologic manifestation of cochlin, raise the possibility of previously undescribed cochlin-derived amyloid formation, and highlight the importance of thoroughly investigating all aggregative tissue findings in the practice of diagnostic pathology.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the influence of clinical cues on risk assessment of cancer-associated mucosal abnormalities. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:We differentiated lesions with a low risk from those with a high risk for premalignancy or malignancy by using 4 cues: (1) color, (2) location, (3) induration, and (4) pain on exploration. Combinations of color and location were presented through 8 photographs, with induration and pain status variably presented in the standardized history and physical findings. This created 16 clinical scenarios (vignettes) that were permutations of the 4 cues. Three questions assessed the extent to which each cue was used in obtaining a clinical impression as to whether a lesion was benign, premalignant, or malignant. RESULTS:Completed vignette questionnaires were obtained from 130 of 228 invited dentists, (two-thirds males; 79% white; mean age 52 years; average weekly hours of practice 33 hours). Only 40% of the responding dentists had statistically significant decision policies to assign a clinical diagnosis of a lesion as benign, premalignant, or malignant. Lesion location and color were the 2 dominant cues. As a cue, induration was used as a cue by more of the respondents in determining a clinical diagnosis of malignancy, and pain was infrequently used as a cue. CONCLUSIONS:Many dentists do not to have a decision strategy for the clinical diagnosis and risk stratification of oral potentially malignant lesions.

The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is rising in developed countries. This is driven by an increase in HNSCCs caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections or HPV + HNSCCs. Compared to HNSCCs not caused by HPV (HPV- HNSCCs), HPV + HNSCCs are more responsive to therapy and associated with better oncologic outcomes. As a result, the HPV status of an HNSCC is an important determinant in medical management. One method to determine the HPV status of an HNSCC is increased expression of p16 caused by the HPV E7 oncogene. We identified novel expression changes in HPV + HNSCCs. A comparison of gene expression among HPV+ and HPV- HNSCCs in The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrated increased DNA repair gene expression in HPV + HNSCCs. Further, DNA repair gene expression correlated with HNSCC survival. Immunohistochemical analysis of a novel HNSCC microarray confirmed that DNA repair protein abundance is elevated in HPV + HNSCCs.

OBJECTIVE:To examine trends in female author representation within original otolaryngology research between 2000 and 2015. METHODS:Original research articles published in 11 otolaryngology journals were analyzed for 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015. The genders of the first and last authors for each article were recorded. Overall female authorship was calculated by summing the numbers of the first, last, and both first and last female-authored articles. Student t test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were utilized to determine significance between years and groups. RESULTS:Of the 9,623 research articles published during 5 representative years, 223 were excluded due to one or more gender-indeterminate authors. Female first authorship exhibited a significant upward trend from 2000 to 2015 (P < 0.0001), as did the proportion of literature with female first and last authors (P < 0.0001). Although female senior authorship in literature with an impact factor (IF) greater than 2 did not increase significantly (10.0% in 2000 to 10.1% in 2015; P = 0.738), this metric did increase significantly just within journals with an IF between 1 and 2 (9.7%-12.3%, P = 0.036). The proportion of articles with a female author in the first, last, or both positions increased from 28% to 39% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Increasing female representation in otolaryngology literature may reflect the rising proportion of women within otolaryngology as well as greater mentorship availability. Despite these auspicious strides, female-authored articles nonetheless represent a smaller proportion of the literature, and female senior authors remain a stark minority. Future studies should identify the barriers to female access and advancement within the field. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:III Laryngoscope, 2019.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To determine independent risk factors for 30-day readmission, prolonged length of stay (PLOS), and discharge to a rehabilitation facility for those with malignant otitis externa. METHODS:Retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with malignant otitis externa (International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, code 380.14) in the Nationwide Readmissions Database (2013-2014). Overall and disease-specific complication and mortality data were analyzed using chi-squared and multivariate analysis. RESULTS:There were 1267 cases of malignant otitis externa extracted. A PLOS of ≥8 days (90th percentile) was found in 14.2% (n = 180) of patients, and 13.7% (n = 174) were discharged to a facility. Patients were readmitted within 30 days at a rate of 12.5% (n = 159). The overall rates of uncomplicated and complicated diabetes were found to be 42.1% and 17.8%, respectively. Factors independently associated with PLOS included undergoing a surgical procedure (odds ratio [OR] 2.08, P < .001), and having central nervous system complications (OR 3.21, P < .001). Independent risk factors for disposition to a facility included nutritional deficiency (OR 1.91, P = .029), PLOS (OR 4.61, P < .001), and age 65-79 years (OR 6.57, P = .001). Readmission was independently linked to PLOS (OR 3.14, P < .001). Diabetes was not an independent risk factor for any outcome. CONCLUSIONS:Thirty-day readmission, PLOS, and ultimate discharge to a rehabilitation facility were common and closely intertwined. Despite the classic association between diabetes and malignant otitis externa, diabetes was not an independent risk factor for any of our outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:4 Laryngoscope, 2019.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:/day × 21 days of a 28-day cycle. RESULTS:/day. Exceptional responses were noted in DIPG and malignant glioma (gliomatosis cerebri) notably at higher dose levels and at higher steady state plasma concentrations. The primary toxicity was myelosuppression. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:/day. Children with malignant gliomas tolerate much higher doses of lenalidomide during radiation therapy compared to adults. This finding is critical as activity was observed primarily at higher dose levels suggesting a dose response.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the prognostic role of extranodal extension (ENE) among patients with human papilloma virus-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) through a systematic review and meta-analysis of institutional studies. DATA SOURCES/METHODS:MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and PubMed. REVIEW METHODS/METHODS:statistic was used to determine study heterogeneity. Fixed and random effects models were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS:= 0%). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:pENE and rENE are moderately associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and recurrence with distant metastasis in a cohort of patients with HPV+ OPSCC. These findings may be used to inform exclusion criteria for deintensification trials and assist in refined risk stratification.