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StrokeRehab: A Benchmark Dataset for Sub-second Action Identification

Chapter by: Kaku, Aakash; Liu, Kangning; Parnandi, Avinash; Rajamohan, Haresh Rengaraj; Venkataramanan, Kannan; Venkatesan, Anita; Wirtanen, Audre; Pandit, Natasha; Schambra, Heidi; Fernandez-Granda, Carlos
in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems by
[S.l.] : Neural information processing systems foundation, 2022
pp. ?-?
ISBN: 9781713871088
CID: 5550682

PrimSeq: A deep learning-based pipeline to quantitate rehabilitation training

Parnandi, Avinash; Kaku, Aakash; Venkatesan, Anita; Pandit, Natasha; Wirtanen, Audre; Rajamohan, Haresh; Venkataramanan, Kannan; Nilsen, Dawn; Fernandez-Granda, Carlos; Schambra, Heidi
Stroke rehabilitation seeks to accelerate motor recovery by training functional activities, but may have minimal impact because of insufficient training doses. In animals, training hundreds of functional motions in the first weeks after stroke can substantially boost upper extremity recovery. The optimal quantity of functional motions to boost recovery in humans is currently unknown, however, because no practical tools exist to measure them during rehabilitation training. Here, we present PrimSeq, a pipeline to classify and count functional motions trained in stroke rehabilitation. Our approach integrates wearable sensors to capture upper-body motion, a deep learning model to predict motion sequences, and an algorithm to tally motions. The trained model accurately decomposes rehabilitation activities into elemental functional motions, outperforming competitive machine learning methods. PrimSeq furthermore quantifies these motions at a fraction of the time and labor costs of human experts. We demonstrate the capabilities of PrimSeq in previously unseen stroke patients with a range of upper extremity motor impairment. We expect that our methodological advances will support the rigorous measurement required for quantitative dosing trials in stroke rehabilitation.
PMCID:9681023
PMID: 36420347
ISSN: 2767-3170
CID: 5384332

Corticoreticulospinal tract neurophysiology in an arm and hand muscle in healthy and stroke subjects

Taga, Myriam; Charalambous, Charalambos C; Raju, Sharmila; Lin, Jing; Zhang, Yian; Stern, Elisa; Schambra, Heidi M
KEY POINTS/CONCLUSIONS:The corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) is a descending motor pathway that reorganizes after corticospinal tract (CST) injury in animals. In humans, the pattern of CReST innervation to upper limb muscles has not been carefully examined in healthy individuals or individuals with CST injury. In the present study, we assessed CReST projections to an arm and hand muscle on the same side of the body in healthy and chronic stoke subjects using transcranial magnetic stimulation. We show that CReST connection strength to the muscles differs between healthy and stroke subjects, with stronger connections to the hand than arm in healthy subjects, and stronger connections to the arm than hand in stroke subjects. These results help us better understand CReST innervation patterns in the upper limb, and may point to its role in normal motor function and motor recovery in humans. ABSTRACT/UNASSIGNED:The corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) is a major descending motor pathway in many animals, but little is known about its innervation patterns in proximal and distal upper extremity muscles in humans. The contralesional CReST furthermore reorganizes after corticospinal tract (CST) injury in animals, but it is less clear whether CReST innervation changes after stroke in humans. We thus examined CReST functional connectivity, connection strength, and modulation in an arm and hand muscle of healthy (n = 15) and chronic stroke (n = 16) subjects. We delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation to the contralesional hemisphere (assigned in healthy subjects) to elicit ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (iMEPs) from the paretic biceps (BIC) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We operationalized CReST functional connectivity as iMEP presence/absence, CReST projection strength as iMEP size and CReST modulation as change in iMEP size by head rotation. We found comparable CReST functional connectivity to the BICs and FDIs in both subject groups. However, the pattern of CReST connection strength to the muscles diverged between groups, with stronger connections to FDIs than BICs in healthy subjects and stronger connections to BICs than FDIs in stroke subjects. Head rotation modulated only FDI iMEPs of healthy subjects. Our findings indicate that the healthy CReST does not have a proximal innervation bias, and its strong FDI connections may have functional relevance to finger individuation. The reversed CReST innervation pattern in stroke subjects confirms its reorganization after CST injury, and its strong BIC connections may indicate upregulation for particular upper extremity muscles or their functional actions.
PMID: 34229359
ISSN: 1469-7793
CID: 5003802

The use of wearable sensors to assess and treat the upper extremity after stroke: a scoping review

Kim, Grace J; Parnandi, Avinash; Eva, Sharon; Schambra, Heidi
PURPOSE/UNASSIGNED:To address the gap in the literature and clarify the expanding role of wearable sensor data in stroke rehabilitation, we summarized the methods for upper extremity (UE) sensor-based assessment and sensor-based treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS/UNASSIGNED:The guideline outlined by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews was used to complete this scoping review. Information pertaining to participant demographics, sensory information, data collection, data processing, data analysis, and study results were extracted from the studies for analysis and synthesis. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:We included 43 articles in the final review. We organized the results into assessment and treatment categories. The included articles used wearable sensors to identify UE functional motion, categorize motor impairment/activity limitation, and quantify real-world use. Wearable sensors were also used to augment UE training by triggering sensory cues or providing instructional feedback about the affected UE. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Sensors have the potential to greatly expand assessment and treatment beyond traditional clinic-based approaches. This capability could support the quantification of rehabilitation dose, the nuanced assessment of impairment and activity limitation, the characterization of daily UE use patterns in real-world settings, and augment UE training adherence for home-based rehabilitation.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONSensor data have been used to assess UE functional motion, motor impairment/activity limitation, and real-world use.Sensor-assisted treatment approaches are emerging, and may be a promising tool to augment UE adherence in home-based rehabilitation.Wearable sensors may extend our ability to objectively assess UE motion beyond supervised clinical settings, and into home and community settings.
PMID: 34328803
ISSN: 1464-5165
CID: 4988382

NE-Motion: Visual Analysis of Stroke Patients Using Motion Sensor Networks

Contreras, Rodrigo Colnago; Parnandi, Avinash; Coelho, Bruno Gomes; Silva, Claudio; Schambra, Heidi; Nonato, Luis Gustavo
A large number of stroke survivors suffer from a significant decrease in upper extremity (UE) function, requiring rehabilitation therapy to boost recovery of UE motion. Assessing the efficacy of treatment strategies is a challenging problem in this context, and is typically accomplished by observing the performance of patients during their execution of daily activities. A more detailed assessment of UE impairment can be undertaken with a clinical bedside test, the UE Fugl-Meyer Assessment, but it fails to examine compensatory movements of functioning body segments that are used to bypass impairment. In this work, we use a graph learning method to build a visualization tool tailored to support the analysis of stroke patients. Called NE-Motion, or Network Environment for Motion Capture Data Analysis, the proposed analytic tool handles a set of time series captured by motion sensors worn by patients so as to enable visual analytic resources to identify abnormalities in movement patterns. Developed in close collaboration with domain experts, NE-Motion is capable of uncovering important phenomena, such as compensation while revealing differences between stroke patients and healthy individuals. The effectiveness of NE-Motion is shown in two case studies designed to analyze particular patients and to compare groups of subjects.
PMCID:8271972
PMID: 34208996
ISSN: 1424-8220
CID: 4965082

Expectations from the general public about the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation for improving motor performance [Letter]

Wang, Peiyuan; Hooyman, Andrew; Schambra, Heidi M; Lohse, Keith R; Schaefer, Sydney Y
PMID: 33722659
ISSN: 1876-4754
CID: 4836052

Corticoreticulospinal tract neurophysiology in healthy and chronic stroke subjects [Meeting Abstract]

Taga, M; Charalambous, C C; Raju, S; Lin, J; Stern, E; Schambra, H M
Background: The corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) is a major descending motor pathway in humans, but little is known about its relative innervation of proximal versus distal upper extremity (UE) muscles. In addition, CReST is believed to reorganize after corticospinal injury, but changes in its projections to different paretic muscles remain unknown. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe the functional connectivity of the contralesional CReST to an arm muscle (biceps (BIC)) and an intrinsic hand muscle (first dorsal interosseous (FDI)) in healthy and stroke subjects.
Method(s): In this cross-sectional observational study, we examined 15 healthy (F: 7; mean age: 54 (44-81) years; mean UE Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score: 65 (63-66)) and 16 chronic stroke subjects (F: 10; mean age 62 (44-85) years; mean UE FMA score: 49 (23-64); mean time since stroke: 5 (0.5-14.4) years). We applied TMS to the contralesional hemisphere (assigned in healthy subjects) to elicit ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (iMEPs). We measured contralesional CReST functional connectivity (iMEP presence/absence) and projection strength (iMEP size; mV*ms) to the paretic BIC and FDI. We also measured paretic muscle maximum voluntary contraction and segmental FMA subscores. We examined differences in CReST projections between muscles and subject groups using Fisher's exact tests and general linear mixed models, and examined neurophysiologicalbehavioral relationships with Pearson's and Spearman's correlations.
Result(s): The contralesional CReST made functional connections to both muscles of most subjects (iMEP presence/absence: healthy BIC 14/1, healthy FDI 15/0; stroke BIC 11/5, stroke FDI 15/1). CReST functional connectivity did not differ between muscles in either healthy or stroke subjects (all p>0.172), and did not differ between subject groups for either muscle (all p=1.0). However, CReST projection strength for the muscles diverged between subject groups, manifesting as larger iMEPs in FDIs than BICs in healthy subjects (1.9 mV*ms, p=0.042) and larger iMEPs in BICs than FDIs in stroke subjects (1.0 mV*ms, p=0.042). Muscle iMEP sizes did not significantly differ between healthy and stroke subjects. Muscle strength related to iMEP size in only the paretic BIC of stroke subjects (r(6)=0.853, p=0.007). There was no relationship between FMA subscores and iMEP size for either muscle in either subject group.
Conclusion(s): Our findings indicate that the contralesional CReST has readily identifiable connections to the paretic BIC and FDI. In healthy subjects, the identification of a stronger CReST projection strength to the FDI challenges the notion of a proximal innervation bias by the reticulospinal tract. The shift in projection strength to the BIC after stroke reinforces the concept that the CReST reorganizes after CST injury, with circumscribed behavioral relevance. To confirm a recovery role of the CReST, a longitudinal observation of recovering behavior relating to changing CReST neurophysiology is required.
EMBASE:636605330
ISSN: 1552-6844
CID: 5082532

Smaller spared subcortical nuclei are associated with worse post-stroke sensorimotor outcomes in 28 cohorts worldwide

Liew, Sook-Lei; Zavaliangos-Petropulu, Artemis; Schweighofer, Nicolas; Jahanshad, Neda; Lang, Catherine E; Lohse, Keith R; Banaj, Nerisa; Barisano, Giuseppe; Baugh, Lee A; Bhattacharya, Anup K; Bigjahan, Bavrina; Borich, Michael R; Boyd, Lara A; Brodtmann, Amy; Buetefisch, Cathrin M; Byblow, Winston D; Cassidy, Jessica M; Charalambous, Charalambos C; Ciullo, Valentina; Conforto, Adriana B; Craddock, Richard C; Dula, Adrienne N; Egorova, Natalia; Feng, Wuwei; Fercho, Kelene A; Gregory, Chris M; Hanlon, Colleen A; Hayward, Kathryn S; Holguin, Jess A; Hordacre, Brenton; Hwang, Darryl H; Kautz, Steven A; Khlif, Mohamed Salah; Kim, Bokkyu; Kim, Hosung; Kuceyeski, Amy; Lo, Bethany; Liu, Jingchun; Lin, David; Lotze, Martin; MacIntosh, Bradley J; Margetis, John L; Mohamed, Feroze B; Nordvik, Jan Egil; Petoe, Matthew A; Piras, Fabrizio; Raju, Sharmila; Ramos-Murguialday, Ander; Revill, Kate P; Roberts, Pamela; Robertson, Andrew D; Schambra, Heidi M; Seo, Na Jin; Shiroishi, Mark S; Soekadar, Surjo R; Spalletta, Gianfranco; Stinear, Cathy M; Suri, Anisha; Tang, Wai Kwong; Thielman, Gregory T; Thijs, Vincent N; Vecchio, Daniela; Ward, Nick S; Westlye, Lars T; Winstein, Carolee J; Wittenberg, George F; Wong, Kristin A; Yu, Chunshui; Wolf, Steven L; Cramer, Steven C; Thompson, Paul M
Up to two-thirds of stroke survivors experience persistent sensorimotor impairments. Recovery relies on the integrity of spared brain areas to compensate for damaged tissue. Deep grey matter structures play a critical role in the control and regulation of sensorimotor circuits. The goal of this work is to identify associations between volumes of spared subcortical nuclei and sensorimotor behaviour at different timepoints after stroke. We pooled high-resolution T1-weighted MRI brain scans and behavioural data in 828 individuals with unilateral stroke from 28 cohorts worldwide. Cross-sectional analyses using linear mixed-effects models related post-stroke sensorimotor behaviour to non-lesioned subcortical volumes (Bonferroni-corrected, P < 0.004). We tested subacute (≤90 days) and chronic (≥180 days) stroke subgroups separately, with exploratory analyses in early stroke (≤21 days) and across all time. Sub-analyses in chronic stroke were also performed based on class of sensorimotor deficits (impairment, activity limitations) and side of lesioned hemisphere. Worse sensorimotor behaviour was associated with a smaller ipsilesional thalamic volume in both early (n = 179; d = 0.68) and subacute (n = 274, d = 0.46) stroke. In chronic stroke (n = 404), worse sensorimotor behaviour was associated with smaller ipsilesional putamen (d = 0.52) and nucleus accumbens (d = 0.39) volumes, and a larger ipsilesional lateral ventricle (d = -0.42). Worse chronic sensorimotor impairment specifically (measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment; n = 256) was associated with smaller ipsilesional putamen (d = 0.72) and larger lateral ventricle (d = -0.41) volumes, while several measures of activity limitations (n = 116) showed no significant relationships. In the full cohort across all time (n = 828), sensorimotor behaviour was associated with the volumes of the ipsilesional nucleus accumbens (d = 0.23), putamen (d = 0.33), thalamus (d = 0.33) and lateral ventricle (d = -0.23). We demonstrate significant relationships between post-stroke sensorimotor behaviour and reduced volumes of deep grey matter structures that were spared by stroke, which differ by time and class of sensorimotor measure. These findings provide additional insight into how different cortico-thalamo-striatal circuits support post-stroke sensorimotor outcomes.
PMCID:8598999
PMID: 34805997
ISSN: 2632-1297
CID: 5063292

Estimating impairment from functional task performance [Meeting Abstract]

Parnandi, A; Venkatesan, A; Pandit, N; Wirtanen, A; Fokas, E; Kim, G; Nilsen, D; Schambra, H
Introduction: Quantifying upper extremity (UE) motor impairment after stroke is impractical, limiting our ability to tailor rehabilitation training in real time. The current gold-standard measure of impairment, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), is time-consuming and requires a trained assessor. The FMA furthermore does not assess functional motions in real-world contexts, which is exactly where we aim our rehabilitation interventions. Here, we took initial steps to develop an approach to automatically quantify UE motor impairment during functional task performance.
Method(s): We studied 51 chronic stroke patients (28F:23M; 57.7 (21.3-84.3) years old; 28L:23R paretic; FMA 43.1 (8-65)).We recorded upper body motion with 9 inertial measurement units (IMUs) while patients performed the FMA and a functional task (moving an object on a horizontal 8-target array). We trained a long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning model to estimate FMA scores from the recorded motion (training set n=40; test set n=11; 4 LSTM layers with between-layer batch normalization; IMU data windows of 4s with slide of 1s). LSTM-generated impairment scores were computed from FMA motions or from functional motions. To ascertain the accuracy of the approach, we calculated the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (rho) between the LSTM scores and the FMA scores from a trained expert. We also examined whether the performance of particular classes of functional primitives (i.e. reach, transport, or reposition) would be sufficient to accurately estimate impairment.
Result(s): Using motions from the FMA performance, our approach estimated FMA scores within 1.1 points of a trained assessor. Using motions from the functional task performance, our approach estimated FMA scores within 1.6 points. Correlation values between the FMA scores and LSTM scores were rho = 0.98 for FMA motions and rho = 0.96 for functional motions. Among the three functional primitives, reaches were the most informative for estimating the impairment scores (RMSE: 1.9 points), followed by transports (RMSE: 2.1 points), and repositions (RMSE: 2.8 points).
Discussion(s): We present a new approach that uses sensor-based motion capture and deep learning to automatically estimate UE motor impairment. This approach has high accuracy and shows high concurrent validity with the FMA, even when it assesses unrelated functional motions. Thus, it may be possible to directly measure impairment from performance of real-world functional tasks, which the FMA does not offer. Estimating impairment during stroke rehabilitation would enable clinicians to tailor treatment strategy in real time.
EMBASE:636605242
ISSN: 1552-6844
CID: 5078502

Too much to handle: Performance of dual-object primitives is limited in the nondominant and paretic upper extremity [Meeting Abstract]

Fokas, E; Parnandi, A; Venkatesan, A; Pandit, N; Wirtanen, A; Schambra, H
Introduction: Activities of daily living (ADLs) are performed through a sequence of fundamental units of motion, called primitives. We previously observed that during ADLs, one upper extremity (UE) may engage two objects simultaneously, such as turning on a faucet while holding a toothbrush. These dual-object primitives (DOPs) may demand increased neural resources, as they likely entail the simultaneous execution of two motor plans. Skilled movement by the nondominant healthy UE or the paretic UE has also been found to require increased neural activity. We posited that performance of DOPs would exceed the neural resources available to the nondominant or paretic side, reducing their performance on these sides. We also predicted that the frequency of DOP performance by the paretic UE would relate to its degree of motor impairment.
Method(s): We studied 19 right-hand dominant healthy subjects (10M:9F; 62.0 +/- 13.6 years) and 43 premorbidly right-hand dominant stroke subjects (23M:20F; 24L:19R paretic; 57.5 +/- 14.5 years; 5.7 +/- 6.5 years post stroke). We evaluated subjects on the UE Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and videotaped their performance of a feeding and toothbrushing task. We analyzed the videos to extract the incidence and count of DOP performance by each UE. To control for dominance and paresis, we normalized DOP counts to the total number of primitives performed by the UE. We used two-tailed Fisher's Exact tests to compare the incidence of DOPs performed by each UE, and Spearman's correlation to examine the relationship between FMA score and DOP frequency.
Result(s): In healthy subjects, the incidence of DOPs was lower on the nondominant than dominant side (12/19 vs. 19/19; p<0.01). In stroke subjects, the incidence of DOPs was lower on the paretic than nonparetic side (19/43 vs. 43/43; p<0.01). The laterality of paresis did not affect whether that UE would perform DOPs (11/19 dominant paretic vs. 8/24 nondominant paretic; p=0.132). In stroke subjects, lower FMA scores were related to a lower frequency of DOP performance on their paretic UE (rho=0.368, p=0.015).
Discussion(s): Our results suggest that UE laterality and impairment may impact DOP performance in healthy and stroke subjects, respectively. DOPs were less commonly performed by the nondominant UE and the paretic UE, and worse impairment was associated with lower DOP performance. We speculate that engaging two objects simultaneously requires additional neural resources that are unavailable to the nondominant or injured motor network. It is conceivable that the return of DOP performance by the paretic UE may track with the availability of a recovered neural substrate.
EMBASE:636605268
ISSN: 1552-6844
CID: 5078492