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Utility of incorporation of beta-D-glucan and T2Candida testing for diagnosis and treatment of candidemia

Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Zervou, Fainareti N; Marsh, Kassandra; Siegfried, Justin; Yang, Jenny; Decano, Arnold; Dubrovskaya, Yanina; Mazo, Dana; Aguero-Rosenfeld, Maria
The additive role of non-culture-based methods for the diagnosis of candidemia remains unknown. We evaluated 2 clinical practices followed in our hospitals for the diagnosis of candidemia, namely practice#1 including a combination of blood cultures and T2Candida, and practice#2 that also included Beta-D-glucan (BDG). Three out of 96 patients testing positive with practice#1 received a complete antifungal course. Of the 120 patients evaluated with practice#2, 29 were positive. Only 55.2% of those received a complete course. We observed significant differences in antifungal utilization, with 268.5 antifungal days/1000 patient-days for practice#1, as opposed to 371.9 days for practice#2, a nearly 40% difference. However, we found similar rates of antifungal discontinuation among negative patients at 3 days of testing (36.8% and 37.0% respectively). No differences were detected in death and/or subsequent diagnosis of candidemia. In summary, addition of BDG was interpreted variably by clinicians, was associated with an increase in antifungal utilization, and did not correlate with measurable clinical benefits for patients.
PMID: 38071859
ISSN: 1879-0070
CID: 5589412

Treatment of Piperacillin-Tazobactam-Nonsusceptible/Ceftriaxone-Susceptible Infections With Carbapenem Versus Carbapenem-Sparing Antimicrobials

Cao, John; Dubrovskaya, Yanina; Siegfried, Justin; Decano, Arnold; Mazo, Dana; Hochman, Sarah; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; So, Jonathan; Solomon, Sadie; Papadopoulos, John; Marsh, Kassandra
BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED: METHODS/UNASSIGNED:infections. The primary composite endpoint included escalation to intensive care unit, infection- or treatment-related readmission, mortality, and infection recurrence. Outcomes were compared between groups who received carbapenem (CG) versus carbapenem-sparing agents (CSG) as targeted gram-negative therapy. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:= .001), while treatment with carbapenem-sparing therapy was not. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Our study did not find improved clinical outcomes with targeted carbapenem therapy for TZP-NS/CRO-S infections. Carbapenem-sparing agents may be considered to spare carbapenems in noncritically ill patients similar to those included in our cohort.
PMCID:10249260
PMID: 37305841
ISSN: 2328-8957
CID: 5522322

Evaluation of BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples From Immunocompromised Patients With Suspected Pneumonia

Li-Geng, Tony; Zervou, Fainareti N; Aguero-Rosenfeld, Maria; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M
Objectives Immunocompromised patients, specifically those with solid organ transplants or cancer on chemotherapy, are at particularly high risk of severe pneumonia and opportunistic infections. In select patients, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is performed to provide high-quality samples for analysis. We compare BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States), a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, with standard of care diagnostics in BAL samples from immunocompromised patients to identify opportunities for this test to affect clinical decision making. Methods Patients hospitalized with pneumonia based on clinical and radiographic findings who underwent evaluation with bronchoscopy between May 2019 to January 2020 were reviewed. Among those patients undergoing bronchoscopy, those who were immunocompromised were selected for inclusion in the study. BAL specimens submitted to the microbiology laboratory were chosen based on as part of the internal validation of the panel in comparison with sputum culture at our hospitals. We compared the outcomes of the multiplex PCR assay with traditional culture methods and evaluated the role of PCR assay in de-escalating antimicrobial therapy. Results Twenty-four patients were identified for testing with the multiplex PCR assay. Of the 24 patients, 16 were immunocompromised, all with solid or hematological malignancy or a history of organ transplant. Seventeen individual BAL samples from the 16 patients were reviewed. BAL culture results and the multiplex PCR assay were in agreement in 13 samples (76.5%). In four cases, the multiplex PCR assay identified a possible causative pathogen not detected by standard workup. The median time to de-escalation of antimicrobials was three days (interquartile range (IQR) 2-4) from the day of collection of the BAL samples. Conclusions Studies have established the additive role of multiplex PCR testing in addition to traditional diagnostic tools like sputum culture in diagnosing the etiology of pneumonia. Limited data exist specifically looking at immunocompromised patients, in whom a timely and accurate diagnosis is particularly important. There is a potential benefit for performing multiplex PCR assays as an additive diagnostic tool in BAL samples for these patients.
PMCID:10205050
PMID: 37228561
ISSN: 2168-8184
CID: 5527182

Utility of Incorporation of Beta-D-glucan Testing in Algorithms for Diagnosis and Treatment of Candidemia [Meeting Abstract]

Zacharioudakis, I; Zervou, F; Marsh, K L; Siegfried, J; Yang, J; Decano, A; Dubrovskaya, Y; Mazo, D; Aguero-Rosenfeld, M E
Background. Candidemia is a common hospital acquired infection that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The optimal strategy for diagnosis remains unknown. Methods. We evaluated 2 distinct diagnostic strategies in hospitalized patients with suspicion of Candida bloodstream infection, namely strategy #1 that included simultaneous blood cultures and T2Candida and strategy #2 that included blood cultures, T2Candida testing and Beta-D-glucan (BDG). We examined the consistency with which each diagnostic algorithm led to changes in antifungal prescribing, the overall rate of antifungal utilization and patients' clinical outcomes. Flow Chart. Results. Among 96 patients tested with strategy #1, 3 had a positive result. Of those 100% completed a 14-day antifungal course for candidemia or were on antifungals until hospital discharge. Of the 29 out 120 patients that tested positive with strategy #2, 55.2% received a complete 14-day course or were on antifungals until hospital discharge. The percentage of completed treatment increased to 75.0% and 80.0% when the threshold for BDG positivity was increased at 200 pg/ml and 500 pg/ml respectively. We observed a significant difference in the overall antifungal utilization with 268.5 days of antifungals per 1,000 patient days for strategy #1, as opposed to 371.9 days of antifungals for strategy #2, a 38.5% increase. Negative tests at both diagnostic strategies led to a similar rate of antifungal discontinuation 3 days after testing (36.8% and 37.0% for strategy #1 and #2 respectively). We did not find significant benefits in death and/or subsequent diagnosis of candidemia between the 2 diagnostic strategies. Sensitivity analyses performed based on indication for testing and severity of illness did not significantly alter results. Conclusion. In summary, the addition of BDG in diagnostic algorithms for candidemia was interpreted variably by clinicians, was associated with a significant increase in antifungal utilization, and it did not appear to lead to measured clinical benefits for patients. Diagnostic strategies of common and serious infections that incorporate non-culture diagnostics need to be evaluated for added benefit. (Figure Presented)
EMBASE:640022141
ISSN: 2328-8957
CID: 5513402

Diagnostic stewardship in infectious diseases: steps towards intentional diagnostic testing

Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Zervou, Fainareti N
PMID: 35670110
ISSN: 1746-0921
CID: 5277712

Risk Factors for Hospital Readmission for Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Statewide Retrospective Cohort Study

Benitez, Gregorio; Shehadeh, Fadi; Kalligeros, Markos; Mylona, Evangelia K; Tran, Quynh-Lam; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Mylonakis, Eleftherios
(1) Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is associated with a high recurrence rate, and a significant proportion of patients with CDI are readmitted following discharge. We aimed to identify the risk factors for CDI-related readmission within 90 days following an index hospital stay for CDI. (2) Methods: We analyzed the electronic medical data of admitted patients in our health system over a two-year period. A multivariate logistic regression model, supplemented with bias-corrected and accelerated confidence intervals (BCa-CI), was implemented to assess the risk factors. (3) Results: A total of 1253 adult CDI index cases were included in the analysis. The readmission rate for CDI within 90 days of discharge was 11% (140/1253). The risk factors for CDI-related readmission were fluoroquinolone exposure within 90 days before the day of index CDI diagnosis (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.05-2.37), higher Elixhauser comorbidity score (aOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07), and being discharged home (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.06-2.54). In contrast, a longer length of index stay (aOR: 0.97, 95% BCa-CI: 0.95-0.99) was associated with reduced odds of readmission for CDI. (4) Conclusion: More than 1 out of 10 patients were readmitted for CDI following an index hospital stay for CDI. Patients with recent previous fluoroquinolone exposure, greater overall comorbidity burden, and those discharged home are at higher risk of readmission for CDI.
PMCID:9147200
PMID: 35631075
ISSN: 2076-0817
CID: 5284082

Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Ortigoza, Mila B; Yoon, Hyunah; Goldfeld, Keith S; Troxel, Andrea B; Daily, Johanna P; Wu, Yinxiang; Li, Yi; Wu, Danni; Cobb, Gia F; Baptiste, Gillian; O'Keeffe, Mary; Corpuz, Marilou O; Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; Amin, Amee; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Jayaweera, Dushyantha T; Wu, Yanyun; Philley, Julie V; Devine, Megan S; Desruisseaux, Mahalia S; Santin, Alessandro D; Anjan, Shweta; Mathew, Reeba; Patel, Bela; Nigo, Masayuki; Upadhyay, Rabi; Kupferman, Tania; Dentino, Andrew N; Nanchal, Rahul; Merlo, Christian A; Hager, David N; Chandran, Kartik; Lai, Jonathan R; Rivera, Johanna; Bikash, Chowdhury R; Lasso, Gorka; Hilbert, Timothy P; Paroder, Monika; Asencio, Andrea A; Liu, Mengling; Petkova, Eva; Bragat, Alexander; Shaker, Reza; McPherson, David D; Sacco, Ralph L; Keller, Marla J; Grudzen, Corita R; Hochman, Judith S; Pirofski, Liise-Anne; Parameswaran, Lalitha; Corcoran, Anthony T; Rohatgi, Abhinav; Wronska, Marta W; Wu, Xinyuan; Srinivasan, Ranjini; Deng, Fang-Ming; Filardo, Thomas D; Pendse, Jay; Blaser, Simone B; Whyte, Olga; Gallagher, Jacqueline M; Thomas, Ololade E; Ramos, Danibel; Sturm-Reganato, Caroline L; Fong, Charlotte C; Daus, Ivy M; Payoen, Arianne Gisselle; Chiofolo, Joseph T; Friedman, Mark T; Wu, Ding Wen; Jacobson, Jessica L; Schneider, Jeffrey G; Sarwar, Uzma N; Wang, Henry E; Huebinger, Ryan M; Dronavalli, Goutham; Bai, Yu; Grimes, Carolyn Z; Eldin, Karen W; Umana, Virginia E; Martin, Jessica G; Heath, Timothy R; Bello, Fatimah O; Ransford, Daru Lane; Laurent-Rolle, Maudry; Shenoi, Sheela V; Akide-Ndunge, Oscar Bate; Thapa, Bipin; Peterson, Jennifer L; Knauf, Kelly; Patel, Shivani U; Cheney, Laura L; Tormey, Christopher A; Hendrickson, Jeanne E
Importance/UNASSIGNED:There is clinical equipoise for COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Objective/UNASSIGNED:To determine the safety and efficacy of CCP compared with placebo in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving noninvasive supplemental oxygen. Design, Setting, and Participants/UNASSIGNED:CONTAIN COVID-19, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of CCP in hospitalized adults with COVID-19, was conducted at 21 US hospitals from April 17, 2020, to March 15, 2021. The trial enrolled 941 participants who were hospitalized for 3 or less days or presented 7 or less days after symptom onset and required noninvasive oxygen supplementation. Interventions/UNASSIGNED:A unit of approximately 250 mL of CCP or equivalent volume of placebo (normal saline). Main Outcomes and Measures/UNASSIGNED:The primary outcome was participant scores on the 11-point World Health Organization (WHO) Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement on day 14 after randomization; the secondary outcome was WHO scores determined on day 28. Subgroups were analyzed with respect to age, baseline WHO score, concomitant medications, symptom duration, CCP SARS-CoV-2 titer, baseline SARS-CoV-2 serostatus, and enrollment quarter. Outcomes were analyzed using a bayesian proportional cumulative odds model. Efficacy of CCP was defined as a cumulative adjusted odds ratio (cOR) less than 1 and a clinically meaningful effect as cOR less than 0.8. Results/UNASSIGNED:Of 941 participants randomized (473 to placebo and 468 to CCP), 556 were men (59.1%); median age was 63 years (IQR, 52-73); 373 (39.6%) were Hispanic and 132 (14.0%) were non-Hispanic Black. The cOR for the primary outcome adjusted for site, baseline risk, WHO score, age, sex, and symptom duration was 0.94 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.75-1.18) with posterior probability (P[cOR<1] = 72%); the cOR for the secondary adjusted outcome was 0.92 (95% CrI, 0.74-1.16; P[cOR<1] = 76%). Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested heterogeneity of treatment effect: at day 28, cORs were 0.72 (95% CrI, 0.46-1.13; P[cOR<1] = 93%) for participants enrolled in April-June 2020 and 0.65 (95% CrI, 0.41 to 1.02; P[cOR<1] = 97%) for those not receiving remdesivir and not receiving corticosteroids at randomization. Median CCP SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titer used in April to June 2020 was 1:175 (IQR, 76-379). Any adverse events (excluding transfusion reactions) were reported for 39 (8.2%) placebo recipients and 44 (9.4%) CCP recipients (P = .57). Transfusion reactions occurred in 2 (0.4) placebo recipients and 8 (1.7) CCP recipients (P = .06). Conclusions and Relevance/UNASSIGNED:In this trial, CCP did not meet the prespecified primary and secondary outcomes for CCP efficacy. However, high-titer CCP may have benefited participants early in the pandemic when remdesivir and corticosteroids were not in use. Trial Registration/UNASSIGNED:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04364737.
PMID: 34901997
ISSN: 2168-6114
CID: 5084962

The Utility of Scoring Systems in Determining the Need for Echocardiography in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Zervou, Fainareti N; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M
PMID: 33972992
ISSN: 1537-6591
CID: 4867272

Impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae Urinary Antigen Testing in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Admitted Within a Large Academic Health System

Greenfield, Adam; Marsh, Kassandra; Siegfried, Justin; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis; Ahmed, Nabeela; Decano, Arnold; Aguero-Rosenfeld, Maria E; Inglima, Kenneth; Papadopoulos, John; Dubrovskaya, Yanina
Background/UNASSIGNED:Limited data support use of pneumococcal urinary antigen testing (PUAT) for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) as an antimicrobial stewardship tool. At our institution, CAP guidelines and admission order set were standardized to include universal PUAT. Methods/UNASSIGNED:This was a retrospective study of adults hospitalized in 2019 who had PUAT performed. We compared incidence and timing of de-escalation in PUAT- positive vs -negative groups and described patients' outcomes. Results/UNASSIGNED:, in-hospital mortality, or 30-day infection-related readmission. Conclusions/UNASSIGNED:We observed earlier de-escalation in the PUAT-positive group. This seems to be due to discontinuation of atypical rather than anti-MRSA or antipseudomonal coverage. Further antimicrobial stewardship interventions are warranted.
PMCID:8717893
PMID: 34993258
ISSN: 2328-8957
CID: 5107422

Coinfections and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across a single healthcare system in New York City: A retrospective cohort study

Prasad, Prithiv J; Poles, Jordan; Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M; Dubrovskaya, Yanina; Delpachitra, Dinuli; Iturrate, Eduardo; Muñoz-Gómez, Sigridh
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE/UNASSIGNED:With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, rates of in-hospital antimicrobial use increased due to perceived bacterial and fungal coinfections along with COVID-19. We describe the incidence of these coinfections and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 to help guide effective antimicrobial use in this population. SETTING/UNASSIGNED:This study was conducted in 3 tertiary-care referral university teaching hospitals in New York City. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:This multicenter retrospective observational cohort study involved all patients admitted with COVID-19 from January 1, 2020, to February 1, 2021. Variables of interest were extracted from a de-identified data set of all COVID-19 infections across the health system. Population statistics are presented as median with interquartile range (IQR) or proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as indicated. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Among 7,209 of patients admitted with COVID-19, 663 (9.2%) had a positive culture from the respiratory tract or blood sometime during their initial hospital admission. Positive respiratory cultures occurred found in 449 (6.2%) patients, and 20% were collected within 48 hours of admission. Blood culture positivity occurred in 334 patients (4.6%), with 33.5% identified within 48 hours of admission. A higher proportion of patients received antimicrobials in the first wave than in the later pandemic period (82.4% vs 52.0%). Antimicrobials were prescribed to 70.1% of inpatients, with a median of 6 antimicrobial days per patient. Infection-free survival decreased over the course of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:We detected a very low incidence of coinfection with COVID-19 at admission. A longer duration of hospitalization was associated with an increased risk of coinfection. Antimicrobial use far exceeded the true incidence and detection of coinfections in these patients.
PMCID:9726479
PMID: 36483377
ISSN: 2732-494x
CID: 5383182